Buildings in major bookstores charge of numerous books on the writings of globalization, book. In the past year, it was including the Bill. Gates patiently business leaders, including recommendations, by all MBA students to talk about .2005 of Western business community, The New York Times one of the most famous columnist Thomas? Friedman (Thomas L. Friedman) spent a lot of space in the book, talking about a result of technological progress has become and how countries like India to benefit, there has never been able to equal the pattern of play together with the developed countries.
subject of this book: the world is flat, meaning that such a result in today's information technologies close, convenient Internet world, the global market, labor, and products can be shared by the entire world, everything is possible in the most efficient and lowest cost ways. inexorable globalization, American workers, financial officers, engineers, and programmers must now and as far away as China and India are equally good or equally bad labor competition, they will be more competitive in the win.
This is primarily a language of beautiful smooth, highly readable book . From the beginning Friedman travel in India, he led us into a journey of discovery, in the subsequent chapters, he listed out the top ten causes flattening world factors: political, technological and human intellectual these changes.
face a flat world, Friedman's attitude is optimistic: he thought the flat world economy a good thing for all of us. Developing countries will benefit, but They are not, as many of the rise of side: terrorism and and exclusion,UGG bailey button, will enable the fight was abandoned because of high costs, thus contributing to world peace.
we would obviously think of John. Gray, I think of Stieglitz, think of different standards, the former first from the year 1000 even began, while the latter is driven by the western countries, a favorable political agenda of its own. in creating some becomes more rugged in some places.
context of a subtle change is not present in the the rise of a dizzying pace, IT outsourcing and manufacturing to focus on the two countries resulted in U.S. and European concerns. but see Gray and Stieglitz, the more a push by the World Bank and IMF The free market experiment in the Latin American countries in bankruptcy.
in a more fundamental question, we find that Friedman's consistent with the publication coincides with a constructive stance: whether its sitting on Globalization who will benefit, as aside their prejudices and think about how to benefit from the positive effects. This is the reason why we adhere to the beginning of 2006, WTO commitments, we will be compiled into a book excerpt series for our readers.
I woke up, much of the work outsourced
the first time someone asked me on the golf course so swing: Building. hit the back nine, you can see two buildings along the Hewlett-Packard and Texas Instruments tenth fairway stands. In addition, the kick-off sign is provided EPSON, 3M caddies are wearing a hat. court, traffic lights, Texas equipment sponsorship, roadside billboards are Pizza Hut pizza.
This is not Kansas, absolutely not. but not like India. I go to the New World, Old World, or the next world? I emulated Columbus, course of my adventure also came to known as the Indian Silicon Valley Bangalore. the year Columbus sailed west, though not to India, but has proven the earth is round.
I set out for India, as Columbus, I am also to the Indian treasure. Columbus is seeking the hardware: gold, silver, silk, spices mm at the time a source of wealth. I find the it is software, intellectual, sophisticated operations, such as optical engineering breakthrough source of wealth today. Columbus encountered to the Indians, he thought that slaves can be captured. I meet Indians, I would like to know why they took away our jobs? why a US-European services and IT outsourcing industry powerhouse?
When I sail set sail, I thought the world was round, but to the real India, but her eyes are all Americans, call center speak English are American accent, the U.S. software company is more business skills learned at home. Columbus to the King and Queen reported that the world is round, and with this discovery in history. I went home and my wife only one to share my findings, the sound pressure is also low.
I think the world is flat. Ivy League law schools generally stepped classroom is very similar to the convention center in the center of India's outsourcing industry. Nailikanni pointing to the biggest I have ever seen the TV screen, very proud to explain to us, to Infosys can At any time, for any case, called the widespread global supply chain members, the video conference. wears a screen of eight clock, a considerable degree reflects the portrayal of Infosys business: 365 days, 7 days a week 24 hours a day, year round.
Nailikanni said: so, e-mail, Google and the like search engine increase the number of flexibility, especially the wisdom nature. you see today in Bangalore, is the sum of these developments after the concrete results. long ears do not go, he said to me: the world is divided into three main era. Globalization 1.0 from 1492 until about 1800. Globalization 2.0, lasted roughly from 1800 to 2000, in the middle had been interrupted by two world wars and the Great Depression and into the world .2000 a new era: Globalization 3.0. the world shrunk to tiny young, have leveled the playing field.
in the enterprises, in the coupled with the advent of the global fiber optic network so that all virtual neighbors. Now everyone can ask themselves, should ask themselves: I compete in today's world and opportunities, how accounted for a place?
flattening of the world is shrinking every a corner of the men and women will have the power surge. will be more plugged in to can flourish, we will see the whole rainbow of races.
night I sat in the hotel balcony to think about these changes, the rise of an idea : I want to drop everything and write a book, so that they understand how to change the world is flat, on individuals, businesses, the state also has what meaning.
【1】
1989/11/9 Wall bulldozers down, windows open
the Berlin Wall in 1989 the collapse of November 9, changed the balance of power in the world to make the world towards democracy, consensus, and the free market-oriented governance tilt. Since then, more and more economy is a bottom-up management, depending on the people's interests, demands and aspirations, rather than top down, with the mercy of a handful of the interests of the ruling group. If you continue to adhere to a high degree of management or centrally-planned economy, You will be seen as standing in the wrong side of history. outside of Germany and Russia to discuss. the Berlin Wall collapsed, Das (Tarun Das) is just the President of the Association of Indian Industry, he felt the shock wave spread to India. He recalled: Immediately after the British colonial rule, Nehru came to power early and decided to study the pattern of Moscow, the Government allocation of resources, issuance of licenses, all of a Planning Commission decision. from the private sector was under pressure in the regulation of the wall. from 1947 to In 1991, the entire infrastructure belong to the Government, the State must be engaged in the heavy burden of state-owned business went bankrupt. we did not insolvent, there is no national self-confidence. , the then Finance Minister Manmohan Singh (Prime Minister) decided that the economy must be open, be sure to deregulation and privatization. Das said: canceled. never before our economic growth is 3%, the so-called slow India's growth rate is always cautious and conservative. want to make more to have to go to the United States. Who knows, after only three years of reform, the growth rate of 7% has become . poverty, while cool to! Now you can stay in India joined this Forbes Global Rich List. In the past foreign exchange reserves down to 10 billion U.S. dollars. Today, we have a 118 billion U.S. dollars. Only a decade, from the lack of self-confidence and become aggressive. and vision, prevents us to imagine a single market, a single ecosystem, a single community .1989 before you can have a policy of Eastern or Western governments, it is difficult to have a global policy.
Finally, the Berlin Wall not only opened access to the pool the way other countries, but also the adoption of common standards for orientation: how the economy functioning, accounting, how to do accounts, banks how to manage, PC how to produce, how to write financial reports. simple say, is to create a common standard is a more flat arena. Put another way, is free to run from this best practice. Wall fell, the once appeared certain economic or technological standards, and prove that good results to faster will be widely adopted. In Europe, the disappearance of the wall also opened the road of European integration, the EU expanded from 15 countries to 25. plus the euro became the common currency, the original Iron Curtain divided the region becomes a single economy.
Despite the positive effect of the wall immediately after the fall of the emergence of the wall down was not a single cause. to some extent is the foundation of the Soviet Union itself had serious decay, because of internal contradictions and lack of efficiency and strength at failure; a extent of the Reagan administration to strengthen the army in Europe, the Kremlin forced the military to fight those firms to bankruptcy; a certain extent, the reform of Gorbachev bad luck. But I still have to pick out a more important reason is that in the 1980s Interim information revolution, thanks to fax, telephone and other modern communication tools to give the too much information penetrated the Iron Curtain began.
a lot of IBM personal computers and the empowerment of the Windows operating system, PC life, about when is the fence down. horizontal substantial improvement in communication contributed to the strength of an individual. every element of the information revolution period of evolutionary history behind it have their own: long-distance telephone call from a desire to have evolved. the telephone system to send written to evolve fax. PC is because spreadsheets and word processing first the PC and phone connection, CompuServe and AOL through the sort of network providers to send electronic documents to form a global information revolution began in the basic platform.
【2】
1995/8/9 bulldozers Netscape Listing
to the mid-1990s, PC with Windows's revolution has reached its limit. If the world really want to smooth out the revolution to go next, from the ;. The next step is from the PC-based platform, to the Internet. and bring the killer application of this step is to e-mail and Web browser.
email is AOL, CompuServe, MSN and other fast later driven expansion of the portal. but the real grasp of human imagination, there is a new web browser. With the browser to connect to existing file or web page called out, displayed on any computer screen. s a major browser, and the general public access to the Internet culture, is located in Mountain View, California by a small company Netscape (Netscape) created. Netscape August 9, 1995 public offering, blow the world to the Internet gave the horn, from the world completely changed.
Netscape this stage to open the world to smooth out a few key ways: it gives us the first widely used browser, not only live up the network, but also the network change into five to eighty-year-old everyone can use. network more flexible, there are more consumers want to do different things online, the more you want to have more computers, software and communications networks, the words, music , data, photos, digital is more easily together, the Internet spread to any other person's computer. This demand thanks to another incident and were met: Windows95.Windows95 launch date is only a week later than the Netscape market, an introduction to a Most people around the world use the operating system. Windows95 built-in network support, so that all the PC application software can connect to the Internet, and network interaction, no longer limited to the browser.
巴克斯戴尔 former president of Netscape said: br> What makes people think that network-related investment opportunities can be endless? simply say the answer is digital. Once the PC and the Windows revolution, not only digital certificate information, you can also operate computer and word processor with ease, once the browser reinvigorate the network, so web pages can be songs to dance show, everyone wanted to all digital, so everything can be delivered to the hands of others through the network, the digital revolution, so to kick off. investors see this wave of everything the digital data of the frenzy after the incident, can not help but say: certainly can not lose! press conference. At that time, the peak of the tech bubble, Gates has repeatedly pressed by reporters: Sell Levirs jeans, ho son shovels, hotel room to the gold digger business, creating wealth is far higher than the actual dig out the gold. Gates said is correct: the economy overheating and the bubble may trigger economic crisis, many companies make a lot of people losses or even bankruptcy, but can also drive technological innovation, more quickly. caused by either excess capacity or in the laying of the railway car production, the last positive result can be unexpected.
This is the network circumstances that occur after the stock boom. It inspired the company's investment in cable heat, are laying the ground and a large number of submarine cables, but also significantly reduced all over the world the cost of telephone and data transmission.
fact, the network Boom bump adopted by the United States in 1996 on the facilities. Why not? robust network so that everyone that in order to accommodate such a large amount of network traffic, the demand for broadband will be doubled every three months, continue to persist. about two years time, the situation Indeed. then the aftermath of over-expansion began, the pace of growth began to slow down. Unfortunately, the telecommunications company has not noticed that supply and demand imbalance. market into a network of heat, and will continue to expand. the stock market fever also means is free! enjoy play! .
Results Although B2B e-commerce business to business and people development indeed, as expected, eBay, Amazon, Google also unexpectedly strong explosive force, but are only a small part of expanding it. Internet companies have closed after the rest of the cable can only say that it is too much. long-distance telephone charges per minute from binary suddenly dropped a dime per minute, almost become free data transmission. the result is a natural disaster.
for consumers it is good news. just like in the 1950s highway construction erase the entire United States, so that long-distance transportation of people and goods easier, so many companies can move to the south a few states with lower wages; now set up a global fiber optic cable also erase the developed countries. regionalism was broken, creating a seamless global commercial network phase can be more easily, almost without any restrictions to transfer digital services to low-wage countries, including services and nature of knowledge work.
【3】
bulldozers workflow (workflow) software innovation
another smooth trend of the world, I call After, PC, Windows, Netscape an unprecedented way people are interconnected. But soon, people will have a link to each other more expectations. they are no longer satisfied with browsing, e-mail, instant messaging, photo transmission, download music only. They also hope to use the network shape, design, creation, sale, manage inventory, restricted to the tax, even on the other side to view other people's X-ray film. In addition, they also want these things anywhere, anytime, on any computer, connected seamlessly. wall / window / stage of Netscape has a basis for all this, because at this stage, text, music, pictures, data and Internet transmission of digital have been unified, e-mail and the Internet has become a colorful experience.
but to enter the next stage, to get more from the network before the smooth process of the world must embark on another section of the road: we need two things. First program designers to be able to keep up with the times, to write new software, so we use these digital data, text, music, pictures, made into products, the computer can really play to the limit. The second is more of the magic flute voice of God more transmission specifications, making each individual application software applications can now be connected to others. In short, we need only the people from a man connected to the network and software into any of my software, any software can be connected with your network. only to this point, we can truly work together.
try to think in accordance with the following: first, work flow, including business to accept a written order, and then shipping department walked by this department is responsible for shipping, and shipping departments of the paper went to get some financial sector, to request an invoice to the customer. However, in the back wall to open the window after adding the stage of Netscape, workflow has been greatly jump. Now, the business sector can online orders, sent by e-mail in-house shipping department and then shipped to the customer by the shipping department, but also to send the bill. the various departments within the company can work together without problems, a smooth flow of work unimpeded, creating higher yields, but only if all departments must use the same hardware and software systems. But in the 1980s and early 1990s, the workflow can not be smooth convergence.
we often forget that the software industry in the early stage of development like a bad fire. Imagine, if every community of a city, all with their own coupling to take that water and fire hydrant, as long as the fire department can control the fire within their own communities, all right. But Once the fire is too large friendly team to find another community support, there is no way of help, because the Friends of the teams not on the water then your fire hydrant. to flatten the world, the various departments within the company, from sales, marketing, manufacturing, finance to inventory, regardless of the use of computer models or software, must work with each other. To really change the world is flat, your company's systems and any other company must also blending interactive systems . In other words, your business and suppliers must be able to stock the same, and your suppliers may be far from a factory in China. In this way, when you complete a transaction, every single product can automatically from your supplier's warehouse, shipping, and another single product can automatically on your supplier's supplier factories in the manufacturing, financial sector you will be automatically invoiced. three companies of the system and software are different, but it can close co-operation, work flow smoothly.
1990 end of the decade, the software industry began to be customer requirements, after some private to care too much about, testing and trial and error, to create a more generic network standards, more integrated digital pipelines and norms so that everybody can put their own water, that is, applications, fire hydrants connected to others. This is really quite revolutionary. Technically, to achieve all this, must be attributed to a new kinds of data transfer specification language XML and SOAP, both come out. IBM, Microsoft and a number of companies on the development of XML and SOAP have a considerable contribution, both subsequently been recognized as the most popular network standards. XML and SOAP to the interaction between software for web-based workflow to provide a technical basis. Both the number of data, text, music, photos, software can be exchanged between the non-stop, and then to re-create, design, operation , edit, and then edit, store, publish, transmit, do not worry about where the other person, in touch with what kind of computer equipment.
once laid the basis for this technology, there will be more and more people for a variety of different needs, design work flow software. The Boeing Company in need of special workflow software, to U.S. airports by the computer ordering system, uninterrupted supply of parts to different airlines, both orders came from which country ; doctors also need this software, so that Maine hospital X-ray can be to interpret the hospital in Bangalore, India. Once each person's application software applications can be connected with other people together, not only will the unprecedented work flow smoothly, but also can split the disintegration to the different parts of the world to complete. It will take years of time and many of the techniques and wisdom. In other words, the work could flow anywhere. Indeed, people can not dialogue, software, and Software There is also able to dialogue, only to outsourcing can be soon. workflow software for the global human and computer to create a global platform.
make it possible for the workflow is already quite a large network, combined with the previous generation of all network norms, such as TCP / IP and the like browsing, email, URL specification: also contains newer tools, such as XML and SOAP, so that network applications communicate with each other: there are the so-called middleware (middleware), function a great mixture of many different software. combination of these technologies conducive to innovation, enterprise and also significantly reduced the friction between applications. each person need not seek to control the interface fire hydrants, all water mains and fire hydrants are the interface manufacturer specifications exactly the same, creating an extension to the wider world market for all communities. and enterprises to competition, it is the water pipes, pumps, fire engines and quality. In other words, many companies who want to create competition is the most useful The most subtle application of the results. standardized and not impede innovation, only make people more focused and concentrate on the real value. Value added in the standard is usually above or around.
I'm writing a book on discovered the truth. Once Microsoft's word processing software Word become a global standard, different continents, different individuals working on the circulation more easily than ever before, because we are all in the same column showing the same tools to write something on the page In 1988 I wrote the first book do not understand, but when I was still able to knock the German version of the little screen to change the article, in German the letters on the keyboard correct the error. common standards is really the most powerful smooth power surge, forcing more people, but also gives more power, in the broader platform of communication and innovation. Let us make the year of the service sector also made by Henry Ford kind of manufacturing change.
】 【4 bulldozers Open
resources usually have commercial software copyright, to go through trade, so companies will protect the crown jewels as the guardian of the source code as to the user fees to generate income, and then continue to develop new versions. Open source movement is the open source software, allowing users to continue to improve the software, then free for all to use.
my family is not technology, originally did not notice the open source movement, but once noticed, strange to find it self-contained universe, with a network of communities, there is sharing of experience and volunteers provide services free of charge. They will do this because they want to not give some of the market, in order to jointly defeat like like Microsoft or IBM the pleasure of big companies and, more importantly, also in order to obtain the respect of colleagues. Indeed, these men and women are the most interesting and most controversial race of the new collaboration, their smooth forms of cooperation because the world is produced, and their cooperation to flatter world impeccably.
To explain how this form of operation, why can wipe the world more flat, why are so many and will only cause more controversy, I'm going only for the two open-source code talk about a basic change: Knowledge Total Sports (intellectual commons movement) and the free software movement.
open-source can be said to be originated in the academic knowledge of a total movement. academia has long been organized, there are many scientists small groups, first through the internal network, and later through the Internet, for some particular scientific problems brainstorming, exchange of views. Apache web server is the source of the initial resources to open this form. I asked a build out the system Friends Yikui Luo, asked him to explain why we are willing to share knowledge and work like this. He said: Mark device? Anderson also agreed with this view: extensive knowledge of the world only. colleagues inspection is very important for scientific research, open source code is a fellow test. every time something had gone wrong, there are security flaws or deviations from the standard, will be tested. server is the first open source attention by the industry code scheme, alone on a single server computer, it hosted thousands of properties in different sites, with music, pornography, database, text, on a network server for cargo business market, occupies a pivotal position. Apache Although available for free use, but not against companies doing business in the top of the innovation. Apache so that everyone can own a modified version of who owns who rebuilt, only One condition is the recognition of the contribution of Apache.
IBM was going to promote their own network of servers called GO, but harvest little. When that Apache is a good and free technical software, IBM decided that since not win, simply Join .1998 June 22, IBM announced that the Apache server into a new product, called WebSphere.
Apache works by the community, no matter how you take it to improve, must be the results back to the community group. but you can also use the Apache source code base, to build a business of patented goods, as IBM did, provided that the copyright in your application must be mentioned on Apache. In other words, the knowledge shared source code model to encourage everyone to Apache for the foundation and create a number of commercial products. While they want to keep free basis, but understand that if commercial and non-commercial engineers have added a good motive, Apache will always sound, not out of date.
Today Apache is the most successful information ...
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