International online news (reporter Li Shuang): 28 am, Jiangxi Province, the strategic development of new industries and Cooperation Forum held in Beijing. According to Vice Governor of Jiangxi Province, and Li Hung, the
in promoting the conference, Jiangxi Province, launched a total of 196 new industrial projects with a total investment of 138.1 billion yuan. characteristics, but also with low-carbon economy and ecological requirements and emerging industry trends. Jiangxi Province, will take as vigorously promote industrial investment, pushing technological innovation, accelerate the construction and security projects and other initiatives to strengthen fiscal and financial support to protect the health of Jiangxi Province, the rapid development of emerging industries.
relevant state ministries, industry associations, financial institutions, international agencies, the central enterprises and other large enterprises, research institutes and key universities and other units of more than 200 people attended the seminar.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Ningdan Lin responded by playing events strange man drink trouble
Netease Entertainment Feb. 24 report (text / Xiao Yi) recently, the incident was beaten continuously Ningdan Lin upgrade, the nose hit a lot of pictures of bleeding is also widely rumored network, Ning Danlin I said previously she was filming in Sichuan, with a few friends to see the message concerned about the call she knew this, but because of limited crew, she herself has not had time read the news, she admitted that before the Spring Festival, a strange man drunk to make trouble, and the rough spots.
before, that someone broke the news, with the Ningdan Lin, suddenly made her nose bleeding. An informed source revealed Ningdan Lin Fu II weekdays with very close, was hit may be related to disputes about romance, and Ning Danlin nose bleeding, may have done plastic surgery of the nose, nasal prosthesis dislocation caused. Insiders said also said the situation Ningdan Lin bleeding site, and let some time ago Ningdan Lin plastic storm one after another, artists shaping the phenomenon has become a trend.
(This article Source: Netease Entertainment)
Ningdan Lin was beaten Photos (data map)
before, that someone broke the news, with the Ningdan Lin, suddenly made her nose bleeding. An informed source revealed Ningdan Lin Fu II weekdays with very close, was hit may be related to disputes about romance, and Ning Danlin nose bleeding, may have done plastic surgery of the nose, nasal prosthesis dislocation caused. Insiders said also said the situation Ningdan Lin bleeding site, and let some time ago Ningdan Lin plastic storm one after another, artists shaping the phenomenon has become a trend.
(This article Source: Netease Entertainment)
Ningdan Lin was beaten Photos (data map)
Thursday, February 24, 2011
U.S. companies record levels of cash reserves
Editor's Note: Recently, along with the U.S. economic recovery, U.S. stocks well, how will the U.S. economy's performance this year? Level of U.S. corporate profits? Securities Times reporter interviewed the president of the United States Rowe Price Group, Dr. Lin Yi Greater China, he made a profound correlation analysis.
Securities Times: The recent past, U.S. stocks performed well, how do you comment on the U.S. economic recovery?
Lin Yi: Review 2010, the market has been in turmoil, the micro and the macro to the good of uncertainty in sharp contrast. In fact, the micro fundamentals very well over the past year, but the bad news of the macro side, the European debt crisis, high unemployment and other issues the United States, investors worried that the world economic recession. In Japan, the debt-GDP ratio reached 200%, 100% of Europe, the United States close to 90%, is indeed worrying. Countries have adopted different coping methods, adopted a tightening policy in Europe, the United States adopted a policy of quantitative easing, which increases the complexity of the global economy, making investors even more confusing, not clear direction. In addition, U.S. regulators issued a series of medical and health, energy and financial aspects of the new policy, its impact is still being assessed, but also increased the complexity of macroeconomic. So that we face the problem of macro appears irrational pessimism, a lot of money from stocks to join the fixed income assets, end of last year back to the stock investment.
micro-enterprises face the situation, but optimistic, U.S. corporate balance sheet cash reserves reach highest level in history, particularly the balance sheet of some multinational companies from storing a lot of cash, because the economy uncertainty, enterprises do not know how to invest in capital spending under control is very strict, very large stock of cash.
in the listed company level, there have been many encouraging signs, the first increase for three consecutive years of productivity, corporate profitability is growing, there is almost reached record levels of cash stocks, the situation not only in the United States, the world's blue-chip company fundamentals are very good. Therefore, in volatile markets, the underlying a lot of investment opportunities on a global scale, many companies are very attractive valuation.
very high stock of cash to stimulate the U.S. economy an important factor in the development of future enterprise development, is bound to increase capital spending, updated equipment, mergers and acquisitions, recruitment of employees. Of course, from the Government, the consumer's point of view, there will be resistance, because the government and consumers to reduce debt, reduce spending, which slowed down the pace of economic recovery, but the U.S. economic recovery trend is irreversible and will not a secondary economic crisis or recession. Overall, the consumers, government expenditure, the recovery is still relatively fragile, more vulnerable to external macroeconomic factors against, if the Irish crisis, a huge market fluctuations may also occur. From the micro perspective, the company will continue to control costs, but in both acquisition and capital expenditure will be relaxed in 2011, corporate profitability will continue to maintain a good momentum, investors expected corporate earnings began to rise.
Securities Times: the ability to predict the performance of the U.S. economy this year?
Lin Yi: In the past five quarters, U.S. GDP growth of around 3%, estimated in 2011 remained at about 2.8, in general relatively weak, but will maintain the momentum of recovery will not occur the second crisis and stagnation, the U.S. unemployment rate dropped to 8.5%, 1 percentage point lower than it is now, there is no risk of deflation. Inflation remains low, CPI is expected to grow 1.75%, after excluding oil and energy, CPI at 1.25% or so.
affect the U.S. economic recovery, the two factors, one real estate, real estate recovery is the greatest driving force of economic recovery in the past year and a half, new housing construction has begun to stabilize, a pick-up signs; Second, labor market, economic crisis, companies are cutting back spending, resulting in a large number of employees laid off, the U.S. unemployment rate is high, and now, the employment rate of the private sector began to rise, health care, financial services, business , transport and so on in increasing employment. However, the Government a lot of debt reduction, including reducing employment in government, reducing the unemployment rate had a strong resistance. Overall, the employment rate rise will affect the slow rebound in consumption over the past two years, the increase in U.S. personal savings rate, the latest two quarters, the average personal savings rate of 6% level, long-term to 7% to 7.5%. In 2007, the average U.S. household debt to income ratio is 125% in 2010 down to 110%, there is not much real estate activity.
Securities Times: U.S. is not possible to quantify the third time?
Lin Yi: There are possible. No significant growth if the U.S. economy, the Fed will not hesitate to use the third time quantitative easing policy, and further stimulate the economy. We expect the unemployment rate will decline this year, core inflation at 1%, but if the Fed was not enough, want to see higher inflation, will take the third time quantitative easing policy.
Securities Times: Wall Street's performance this year, you are optimistic?
Lin Yi: In the past two to three years, the performance of U.S. stocks as stocks or international markets outside the United States in 2011 could be a turning point. The current valuation of U.S. stocks is very reasonable, the dynamic price-earnings ratio in 2012 was 12.89, we forecast from now to 2020, the average price-earnings ratio is 16.9 times the bottom side is now clear, is a good opportunity to stock selection. I believe in the new year will be better invested in stocks in fixed income.
emerging markets than developed markets, past performance is good, but the rapid growth in emerging markets are facing significant inflationary pressures, 2011, the developed market economies, the recovery will continue, there will be a better performance, developed markets performance might be better in emerging markets.
Securities Times: In the specific investment, what strategies you will take?
Lin Yi: We have judged that the developed markets in 2011 will be better in emerging markets, market shares better than the small-cap stocks, growth stocks better than value stocks.
the past 10 years, the market value of the stock's performance better than the broader market growth stocks in 2010 fourth quarter, the market performance of growth stocks, value stocks began to exceed the broader market, the usual situation is that the economic crisis, the value of stocks outperformed growth in the economic recovery, growth stocks will have better performance, while the U.S. is in the early stages of economic recovery. Large-cap stocks than small-cap stocks over the past three years, but recently began large-cap stocks have better performance because the strong performance of emerging markets, multinational corporations benefit from the development of emerging markets, so the performance will be better than large-cap stocks small cap stocks.
volatility of the stock market will give us the opportunity to create more good, but also focus on the fundamentals of asset management companies to provide a good buying opportunity, in a falling market shares a number of high quality also fell, to our selection of individual stocks provided a good opportunity.
(This article Source: Times Online of Securities: Bo)
Securities Times: The recent past, U.S. stocks performed well, how do you comment on the U.S. economic recovery?
Lin Yi: Review 2010, the market has been in turmoil, the micro and the macro to the good of uncertainty in sharp contrast. In fact, the micro fundamentals very well over the past year, but the bad news of the macro side, the European debt crisis, high unemployment and other issues the United States, investors worried that the world economic recession. In Japan, the debt-GDP ratio reached 200%, 100% of Europe, the United States close to 90%, is indeed worrying. Countries have adopted different coping methods, adopted a tightening policy in Europe, the United States adopted a policy of quantitative easing, which increases the complexity of the global economy, making investors even more confusing, not clear direction. In addition, U.S. regulators issued a series of medical and health, energy and financial aspects of the new policy, its impact is still being assessed, but also increased the complexity of macroeconomic. So that we face the problem of macro appears irrational pessimism, a lot of money from stocks to join the fixed income assets, end of last year back to the stock investment.
micro-enterprises face the situation, but optimistic, U.S. corporate balance sheet cash reserves reach highest level in history, particularly the balance sheet of some multinational companies from storing a lot of cash, because the economy uncertainty, enterprises do not know how to invest in capital spending under control is very strict, very large stock of cash.
in the listed company level, there have been many encouraging signs, the first increase for three consecutive years of productivity, corporate profitability is growing, there is almost reached record levels of cash stocks, the situation not only in the United States, the world's blue-chip company fundamentals are very good. Therefore, in volatile markets, the underlying a lot of investment opportunities on a global scale, many companies are very attractive valuation.
very high stock of cash to stimulate the U.S. economy an important factor in the development of future enterprise development, is bound to increase capital spending, updated equipment, mergers and acquisitions, recruitment of employees. Of course, from the Government, the consumer's point of view, there will be resistance, because the government and consumers to reduce debt, reduce spending, which slowed down the pace of economic recovery, but the U.S. economic recovery trend is irreversible and will not a secondary economic crisis or recession. Overall, the consumers, government expenditure, the recovery is still relatively fragile, more vulnerable to external macroeconomic factors against, if the Irish crisis, a huge market fluctuations may also occur. From the micro perspective, the company will continue to control costs, but in both acquisition and capital expenditure will be relaxed in 2011, corporate profitability will continue to maintain a good momentum, investors expected corporate earnings began to rise.
Securities Times: the ability to predict the performance of the U.S. economy this year?
Lin Yi: In the past five quarters, U.S. GDP growth of around 3%, estimated in 2011 remained at about 2.8, in general relatively weak, but will maintain the momentum of recovery will not occur the second crisis and stagnation, the U.S. unemployment rate dropped to 8.5%, 1 percentage point lower than it is now, there is no risk of deflation. Inflation remains low, CPI is expected to grow 1.75%, after excluding oil and energy, CPI at 1.25% or so.
affect the U.S. economic recovery, the two factors, one real estate, real estate recovery is the greatest driving force of economic recovery in the past year and a half, new housing construction has begun to stabilize, a pick-up signs; Second, labor market, economic crisis, companies are cutting back spending, resulting in a large number of employees laid off, the U.S. unemployment rate is high, and now, the employment rate of the private sector began to rise, health care, financial services, business , transport and so on in increasing employment. However, the Government a lot of debt reduction, including reducing employment in government, reducing the unemployment rate had a strong resistance. Overall, the employment rate rise will affect the slow rebound in consumption over the past two years, the increase in U.S. personal savings rate, the latest two quarters, the average personal savings rate of 6% level, long-term to 7% to 7.5%. In 2007, the average U.S. household debt to income ratio is 125% in 2010 down to 110%, there is not much real estate activity.
Securities Times: U.S. is not possible to quantify the third time?
Lin Yi: There are possible. No significant growth if the U.S. economy, the Fed will not hesitate to use the third time quantitative easing policy, and further stimulate the economy. We expect the unemployment rate will decline this year, core inflation at 1%, but if the Fed was not enough, want to see higher inflation, will take the third time quantitative easing policy.
Securities Times: Wall Street's performance this year, you are optimistic?
Lin Yi: In the past two to three years, the performance of U.S. stocks as stocks or international markets outside the United States in 2011 could be a turning point. The current valuation of U.S. stocks is very reasonable, the dynamic price-earnings ratio in 2012 was 12.89, we forecast from now to 2020, the average price-earnings ratio is 16.9 times the bottom side is now clear, is a good opportunity to stock selection. I believe in the new year will be better invested in stocks in fixed income.
emerging markets than developed markets, past performance is good, but the rapid growth in emerging markets are facing significant inflationary pressures, 2011, the developed market economies, the recovery will continue, there will be a better performance, developed markets performance might be better in emerging markets.
Securities Times: In the specific investment, what strategies you will take?
Lin Yi: We have judged that the developed markets in 2011 will be better in emerging markets, market shares better than the small-cap stocks, growth stocks better than value stocks.
the past 10 years, the market value of the stock's performance better than the broader market growth stocks in 2010 fourth quarter, the market performance of growth stocks, value stocks began to exceed the broader market, the usual situation is that the economic crisis, the value of stocks outperformed growth in the economic recovery, growth stocks will have better performance, while the U.S. is in the early stages of economic recovery. Large-cap stocks than small-cap stocks over the past three years, but recently began large-cap stocks have better performance because the strong performance of emerging markets, multinational corporations benefit from the development of emerging markets, so the performance will be better than large-cap stocks small cap stocks.
volatility of the stock market will give us the opportunity to create more good, but also focus on the fundamentals of asset management companies to provide a good buying opportunity, in a falling market shares a number of high quality also fell, to our selection of individual stocks provided a good opportunity.
(This article Source: Times Online of Securities: Bo)
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Telecom Italia do not understand
Telecom Italia board meeting yesterday to discuss proposed September 11 this year, corporate restructuring strategy. The Company believes that competition in the technology evolution and the larger environment, Telecom Italia launched two years ago, fixed and mobile network transformation plan has been for the company 1 billion euros of cost savings. therefore believe that Telecom Italia fixed telephone, mobile phone, broadband internet and media business integration will be the company's strategic goals. in this broad framework of corporate restructuring to ensure that loss of business under the premise of the benefits of integration to improve the efficiency of the company. For the same reason, Telecom Italia will focus on the transformation for the access network to fit the high-definition television, music, telemedicine, mobile office broadband business needs. To this end, access network business spun off from Telecom Italia. Telecom Italia said that the center of all this would be to improve customer satisfaction.
just look at this press release is difficult to understand why Telecom Italia, then peel network business. We need to look into Sept. 11, Telecom Italia can say to the world shook the telecommunications industry restructuring strategy. that time, Telecom Italia announced that make separation of fixed and mobile services, the company's business focus to broadband and multimedia fields. A week later, Telecom Italia acquired AOL Youyi $ 857,000,000 business in Germany.
fixed and mobile convergence is the world's telecom operation of a direction, and generally widespread over mobile and fixed Net business profit more. So the mobile business of Telecom Italia's move is stripping can be used to describe the shock. superficial reason is to transition to broadband multi-media strategy, more people think that Telecom Italia is to sell its mobile business reimbursement owed huge debt.
AOL's business in Germany, has 110 million broadband users and 1.3 million narrowband users, with the acquisition of Telecom Italia in Germany prior to another ISP Hansanet, in Germany, Telecom Italia will have 200 million broadband users, the objective of the broadband and new media-centric strategy benefit. but the problem is that capital market analysts generally believe that Telecom Italia to pay ridiculously high prices. As more and more intense competition in the European broadband market, broadband users will grow ARPU low. the acquisition of Telecom Italia to recover from this is difficult to overestimate the benefits.
As for AOL, why one after another to sell the European business is also a concern. is not only Germany's business, AOL in France, business in the UK have recently completion of the sale. Business Week, Aug. 8 article in the analysis of the strategic shift that AOL is doing. They withdrew from the access market in Europe, back to the advertising and content-based profit model. In Germany, AOL in the future also Telecom Italia will continue to cooperate, providing advertising and content services. and these are Telecom Italia's broadband and media strategy the core do?
initiatives in Italy, Telecom Italia has also been a fierce domestic criticism. Telecom Italia Board of Directors President Tronchetti Provera had also announced his resignation Sept. 15. just 18 months ago, Telecom Italia was in a big way to integrate mobile and fixed-line business, less than a year and a half but should be separated. This is a little bizarre to see who . with Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi of Italy also expressed concern about moving things for sale to foreign companies.
newly appointed chairman of Telecom Italia, Guido Rossi took office said they did not intend to change the term of the strategic direction of Telecom Italia. So the whole world wait and see, Telecom Italia, what is the next step. Now we finally come out.
we now look at the above press release, we can understand that Telecom Italia is actually going back. Telecom Italia's fixed line and mobile services To continue to walk the road of integration. while stripping the access network business, according to Business Week September 20 article, Telecom Italia can not only bring much-needed cash, but also can greatly promote competition in the telecommunications industry in Italy to improve the environment.
just look at this press release is difficult to understand why Telecom Italia, then peel network business. We need to look into Sept. 11, Telecom Italia can say to the world shook the telecommunications industry restructuring strategy. that time, Telecom Italia announced that make separation of fixed and mobile services, the company's business focus to broadband and multimedia fields. A week later, Telecom Italia acquired AOL Youyi $ 857,000,000 business in Germany.
fixed and mobile convergence is the world's telecom operation of a direction, and generally widespread over mobile and fixed Net business profit more. So the mobile business of Telecom Italia's move is stripping can be used to describe the shock. superficial reason is to transition to broadband multi-media strategy, more people think that Telecom Italia is to sell its mobile business reimbursement owed huge debt.
AOL's business in Germany, has 110 million broadband users and 1.3 million narrowband users, with the acquisition of Telecom Italia in Germany prior to another ISP Hansanet, in Germany, Telecom Italia will have 200 million broadband users, the objective of the broadband and new media-centric strategy benefit. but the problem is that capital market analysts generally believe that Telecom Italia to pay ridiculously high prices. As more and more intense competition in the European broadband market, broadband users will grow ARPU low. the acquisition of Telecom Italia to recover from this is difficult to overestimate the benefits.
As for AOL, why one after another to sell the European business is also a concern. is not only Germany's business, AOL in France, business in the UK have recently completion of the sale. Business Week, Aug. 8 article in the analysis of the strategic shift that AOL is doing. They withdrew from the access market in Europe, back to the advertising and content-based profit model. In Germany, AOL in the future also Telecom Italia will continue to cooperate, providing advertising and content services. and these are Telecom Italia's broadband and media strategy the core do?
initiatives in Italy, Telecom Italia has also been a fierce domestic criticism. Telecom Italia Board of Directors President Tronchetti Provera had also announced his resignation Sept. 15. just 18 months ago, Telecom Italia was in a big way to integrate mobile and fixed-line business, less than a year and a half but should be separated. This is a little bizarre to see who . with Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi of Italy also expressed concern about moving things for sale to foreign companies.
newly appointed chairman of Telecom Italia, Guido Rossi took office said they did not intend to change the term of the strategic direction of Telecom Italia. So the whole world wait and see, Telecom Italia, what is the next step. Now we finally come out.
we now look at the above press release, we can understand that Telecom Italia is actually going back. Telecom Italia's fixed line and mobile services To continue to walk the road of integration. while stripping the access network business, according to Business Week September 20 article, Telecom Italia can not only bring much-needed cash, but also can greatly promote competition in the telecommunications industry in Italy to improve the environment.
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Campus Network charges changed three times a year, said student posting unbearable
Metropolis Daily (Reporter Chu Nan Niu Thailand) new semester started school, many students to the city of Xiangfan University Web site reflect the political popularity of wind-mail: telecommunications sector for more than 3 times a change of network fee high cost each time, the students access to the Internet increasingly heavy burden. Posts and inscribed for the Student Union Rights Department of Xiangfan. Yesterday, this reporter conducted an investigation.
posts and said the new school term net costs will rise again, from a variety of prices, to become 330 per 540 yuan a semester or two semesters. 1 years, the campus telecommunications network tariff has changed 3 times, frequent replacement of tariff packages, prices have risen.
yesterday afternoon, the reporter interviewed in Xiangfan more than 10 students. They generally reflect this year's set unreasonable tariff packages, the students bear.
school students, said Chai Zhiqiang, Head of Rights, 2010, the students 45 per month Internet access, network speed 1 trillion, and a router can share a bedroom, the net cost per month less than 10 yuan. Started school this year, the net costs and rising to become 330 per 540 yuan a semester or two semesters.
this, China Telecom Center surnamed Li Xiangyang branch campus marketing staff, said 330 yuan or 540 yuan a semester's charges in the form of two semesters, is the center of this year's main push products. Net fee although improved than before but also more services, such as calls sent to mobile phones and telecommunications.
official said Mr Lee, to understand the views of these students, they will in the near future to investigate the school, try to give students a satisfactory answer.
posts and said the new school term net costs will rise again, from a variety of prices, to become 330 per 540 yuan a semester or two semesters. 1 years, the campus telecommunications network tariff has changed 3 times, frequent replacement of tariff packages, prices have risen.
yesterday afternoon, the reporter interviewed in Xiangfan more than 10 students. They generally reflect this year's set unreasonable tariff packages, the students bear.
school students, said Chai Zhiqiang, Head of Rights, 2010, the students 45 per month Internet access, network speed 1 trillion, and a router can share a bedroom, the net cost per month less than 10 yuan. Started school this year, the net costs and rising to become 330 per 540 yuan a semester or two semesters.
this, China Telecom Center surnamed Li Xiangyang branch campus marketing staff, said 330 yuan or 540 yuan a semester's charges in the form of two semesters, is the center of this year's main push products. Net fee although improved than before but also more services, such as calls sent to mobile phones and telecommunications.
official said Mr Lee, to understand the views of these students, they will in the near future to investigate the school, try to give students a satisfactory answer.
Monday, February 21, 2011
Chinese Navy in the War of the status and role
Summary: Anti-Japanese War broke out, the Chinese navy that is targeted for the war preparations. In the war, the navy will
Songhu war, battle, and enemy Houbu Lei Wuhan better performance in both, and has Jiangyin bloody tragic act. However, the Chinese naval power in comparison with Japan is too weak
the Navy, but for various reasons are unable to Army, Air Force, as access to large-scale assistance, therefore, in the war
, even in battle can play a decisive role, but only supporting the Army's tactical forces, and its position not only lower than the Army's
main position, but lower than the auxiliary forces of the Air Force's strategic position. Navy limited the role and status of the underground is Geography of China Central
environmental, historical influence, the National Government's policy decisions, and many other factors, the Air Force's rapid rise has further weakened the Navy to
bit, but the sailors in the war with the Army, Air Force Memorial carried out as a bloody battle with the Japanese, the Chinese insisted that victory in war to make its own contribution
.
Keywords: Naval War
The Role of the war the domestic activities of the Navy research and modest, and some of the major works of war tend to focus on in the Army and Air Force
for the Navy only occasionally mentioned, even if often vaguely referred to, especially after the naval Battle of Wuhan live
action. This gives people a Navy impression of inaction in the war, reflecting on the performance in the community for people on the naval war in the very vague impression of
, just stay on the bloody battle in Jiangyin, but do not know or do not know the Navy other activities. In fact, the Navy played in the war
a more important role, not only the battle front, and is an important part of the battlefield behind enemy lines. but it must be admitted that the role of the Navy
is limited, only in tactics and the army and air force with, is a tactical auxiliary power. This paper combines a number of historical data, the Navy in the war on
the role and status of some analysis, and from the geographical environment, historical influence, the perspective of national government policies, the military role of the sea
limited and the low status of interpretation.
seventeen. July Incident, a total of 66 Chinese naval ships, with a total displacement of 68,000 tons; and the total Japanese Navy
120 million tons of displacement, in the number of the Chinese Navy is only about 5% of the Japanese navy. in terms of quality, the Chinese navy has only light cruiser following the various Kennedy
pretty, and new and different, weapons poorly equipped, not only the type of the whole Japanese Navy, including battleships and aircraft carriers with various types of
, including warships, but also a large number of new ships in the making. [1] More important, the Japanese navy's air force also made a huge Force and Marine
team, their leader has a wealth of naval experience, and soldiers are well trained at all levels Guanzuo.
relative strength of the Chinese navy conducted according to this war preparations. First, the revised Japan operational plans, abandoned the landing. transformation of a number of firm. Then plug in Jiangyin resistance
play an important role in fighting the . Third, the Navy stepped up combat training and exercises. [2] These measures are effective to improve the Navy's combat capability, the Chinese navy
early in the war played a positive role.
resistance to the Chinese Navy's Yangtze River basin the main battlefield, the Navy's mission and tactics used in different order
War can be divided into four sections: The first stage is the Battle of Battle of Shanghai and Nanjing, the second phase of the Battle of Wuhan, the third phase of very general in the War of Resistance
stalemate, that is, Wuhan, Guangzhou, the fall of 1945, the fourth stage is the stage of surrender.
the first stage, mainly wreck blocking the Chinese navy, mine blockade tactics. to prevent invasion of the Japanese ship river, the Chinese army to defend the rear wing side
. In Jiangyin, China blocked the cover of naval surface fleet main line, was at naval air attack, suffered heavy losses.
war broke out, the Chinese Navy program that is in accordance with the pre-war back into the river. in the Yangtze region, China Jiangyin building block in the line of the Navy, and sent warships destroyed except
Jiangyin downstream route signs. Songhu area in Huangpu line completed within three blocks, while mobilizing forces Manufacturing Department of the Navy Water
Lei, blocked many Gangcha Songhu region, to prevent invasion of the Japanese boat. Songhu Navy also conducted a number of regional operations .8 16
agents, China Yuleikuaiting attack the Japanese Navy's flagship, Cloud the direction of the Navy Shanghai
to the enemy. Japanese br> Chinese Navy fleet blocking the main line of the building cover the work of Jiangyin, the Japanese said: The strong sea-level cruiser l r, l r b Ninghai ship along the Yangtze River threaten
my big ships. so that the fleet command 3 from air operations, whether or blockade, must be hit
off. functions.
have been sunk in the main ship, the Chinese navy had to change the line to defend Jiangyin blocking strategy, decided to demolish the two
guns mounted on the Yangtze River shore, strengthen the construction of Jiangyin fortress, to the waist hit enemy ships. Jiangyin Japanese naval fortress once repelled the attack, but after losing the lead Army to the Japanese cut off the posterior
plug, had to destroy the fortress artillery units to retreat.
At this stage, the Navy except in Jiangyin, Shanghai, the blocking battle, but in Qingdao, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang Zhenhai,
Fujian, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other sunken ships blocking the harbor also carried out. According to the Republic of China Shipping Association survey, the National Government during the war the country
Shen plug blockade acquisition charge a total of 5,297,719 tons of ships. [5]
the second phase of naval war, the navy blockade mainly layout and organization of artillery mines to block the river and created the first
floating mines, and tactical times the enemy Houbu Lei. the Chinese Navy to block the use of large-scale mine at a good-ship victories obtained, because although the powerful Japanese navy,
but recognized its mine-clearance capacity is weak. [6]
After the fall of Nanjing, China Navy to focus on the Yangtze River, with a new blockade. Chinese navy arranged from east to west along the Yangtze River Madang, Hukou - Jiujiang, Tian Jiazhen, Gedian four defensive line, respectively, to set mines in the water blockade, another grouping of artillery Set
fortress artillery positions and destroy the route signs Digang to Hankou. Navy is still sinking into Madang blocking line again. But the Japanese army's defeat led to repeated work
the circuitous tactics, naval fortress artillery positions had to be abandoned, even in Hukou - Jiujiang position on the river has not yet appeared on the case
ship, the Navy was forced to destroy artillery guns to retreat.
in the second phase of the war, the Navy mine-laying team growing role. In addition to the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake mine set up within the cordon
, but also in the light falling on the basis of mine to design a drift mine, in September 1938 for the first time in the new continent, Wuxue along the river use,
sinking two Japanese ships, and attack behind enemy lines in the same month, in the arrangement of floating mines Guichi 60. [7] and during the Battle of Wuhan, the Chinese navy has sunk
, strike Japanese ships and transport vessels injured a total of more than 50 ships and more than 10 Japanese aircraft shot down aircraft. [8] and then the few remaining naval surface ships
boats also played a role. Hukou after the fall, Navy Yuleikuaiting attack attack Japanese ship three times, or send a ship as a military commission
transport tasks, basically no combat missions. As Ge Jian lack of air defense weapons, and no air cover,
attack machine in Japan suffered heavy losses.
entered the Navy in the war Stage 3, the Navy rely mainly on building defensive works team fortress defense artillery and mine Jingjiang, Yangtze River, Xiangjiang River and Lake Cave
court to prevent the Japanese Navy and Army with further violations, while mine sent teams behind enemy lines to disrupt the Japanese Yangtze River Water Transport Exchange
pass. In the year 1940, the Japanese total of 80 ships sunk by mines. [9] naval air due to lack of necessary equipment, in
next day air machine losses, although China after the outbreak of war in the Pacific, the Navy accepted the United States, Britain and France presented the five rivers
gunboats, but the total is only 14, and the lack of weapons and equipment, deployed mainly in the Yangtze River, etc., inability to Japanese attack. [ ,],[Angeles, Yueyang and Yichang; and several battle in Hunan, the Japanese navy was no breakthrough in the Chinese navy
law minefield. But by 1944, the Japanese seem to have enhanced ability to mine, broke through the minefield. < br> in other Chinese coastal provinces, except the initial congestion naval operations, there are other activities, but the stage is not obvious.
in Shandong in the first three fleets, ships from the sink, the Marine Corps to participate in to stay in Shandong guerrilla warfare, and the remaining officers and men of the south to the Yangtze River basin, in defense of Wu Han and the Yangtze River
. in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, the Navy's activities are more mines were deployed to the provinces and the establishment of Fort team. But three
Province War and have different characteristics. in Zhejiang, is laying the main activities and artillery defense; Fujian Marines guarding the island,
anti-landing operations, Strikes Back, played an important role, and make some pseudo- Army anyway. [11] Chinese navy stationed in Guangdong Fleet
four early in the war to attack twice, and achieved an sinking Japanese destroyer, destroying the battery, four of the record, [12] behind enemy lines, guerrilla cloth
Ray also obtained some victories.
In addition, the Navy also organized teams for the protection of the Yangtze River mine safety and the elimination of the rear channel blockade in the Japanese army in the coastal port of mines planted
. In addition, Marines Hunan and other places in the team take the main road and protect the work of bandits.
end of the war, the Navy began to surrender, to receive goods and naval facilities Puppet Navy, receiving between Kinmen and Xiamen, Taiwan, Penghu, naval bases, etc..
removing the Yangtze River and coastal mines, etc., clear path to ensure the security and armed forces to resume normal shipping water transport. In addition, gifts received
ship by the United States and Britain to rebuild the water south to the South China Sea Fleet and the islands of recovered Paracel, Spratly Islands . destroyed the Japanese Navy Memorial in Japan in the Sino
items over the Northern Fleet and the Navy to recover lost property, meeting the Japanese surrender firm, became the new
sensational news. [13]
II
in the war, the comparison of Chinese and Japanese naval power was too poor, the quality of the same period, although not as good as the Japanese army, but after all, has tens of millions of young soldiers
farmers can supplement, but also familiar with the geographical environment and Advantages deal with the Japanese troops. Therefore, the National Government
abandon offshore sea battle strategies, and decided to implement a protracted war on the mainland. Since then the capital of China, and some important
provisional capital cities are located in the Yangtze River basin, The national government's main strategy is to attract the Japanese in central China along the Yangtze River westward offensive, so
Chinese navy's main task is to help land the Air Force deployed along the Yangtze River, blocking the Japanese navy.
in the history of the National Government ,1926 -1927 on the years of civil war, in the immediate counter attack warlord Sun Chuan-fang and Tang Sheng-chih's
punitive expedition battle, the Navy cut off the enemy in the north-south links to spearhead prompted the collapse of the enemy, has played an important role. [14] and this
Army alone several battles proved almost impossible to stop the naval battle along the Yangtze River upstream. In the course of war, naval forces also proved
his blocking is effective, because every mostly abandoned naval zone of the defeat of the Army or the result of the withdrawal, but
not break the Japanese naval zone caused the collapse front. forest cover, the Navy has changed several times to force the Japanese war plan, to give up land for
war, and the implementation of the Army circuitous or penetration, which wiped out the Chinese Army has created opportunities. For example, in Japanese entitled Dredging work is extremely difficult to progress en route, plus the frequent enemy air attacks, forcing the detachment of the wave field to give up the river by the
attack changed in the June 24 landing in Hong mouth and started along the road to the Hukou onslaught from the south. Changsha will
the first war, the Japanese minefield to bypass the Chinese navy, had to use small boats to carry a small amount of supplies distributed landing, although the moment to succeed, but
for the scattered strength, but to wipe out the Chinese army division. [16]
tactics of the Chinese navy's floating mines and enemy activities against the Japanese Hou Bulei water transport, forcing the Japanese repeatedly declared in the Yangtze River suspended or restricted
route, even if the navigation channel can not guarantee safety. As of July 1943, in respect of the Wuhu Yangtze River to the Hukou, Jiujiang to Hankow, Han
mouth to Yueyang three regions, the Chinese navy attack force of 93 times mine, mine drainage cloth 1600, sank 156 Japanese ships vessels. [17] In addition
several naval battles in stalemate Bray also stepped up in order to echo the Army's operations. For example, in the winter 1939 offensive,
Madang Chinese army counter-offensive, the Navy of the Yangtze River Bray team take the initiative to coordinate the Army's attack and retreat. [18] and in other parts of the mine-laying activities
also made a more significant effect of the Pearl River in Guangdong .1943 cloth laying mines sunk by the pseudo-force the Navy commander of the Guangdong to Hong Kong Ministry
flagship the Japanese revenge. repeatedly against the Japanese along the Yangtze River is not only mine teams base, and extremely cruel treatment of captured
officers .1940 mine, at the Yangtze River naval mine-laying mission team scout Benny Chan was born in Lake < br> mouth captured, reflected in three aspects:
First, the defense early stages of war, the navy to help the army fight, delay or prevent the Japanese Navy, especially along the Yangtze River
straight into the long drive to the mainland to thwart the invasion of their quick-fix strategy and forced the Japanese to change tactics several times, a large roundabout with the Army, and then use the Chinese mainland
military advantages of geographical advantage and destroy the enemy forces to create the conditions. Naval War although the initial retreat continued, but slow the Japanese
along the Yangtze River upstream speed, the cover of the Beijing-Shanghai and the Yangtze River area factories and enterprises, strategic materials moved westward to Sichuan, China continues to maintain the economic base of operations
contributed.
Second, War stand-off, the Navy continued to mine the battlefield in front of the Japanese naval blockade, and stick to the fortress fort, so that at sea
military can not fully match with the Army's role in the stability of the battlefield in order to maintain a positive, defeat the Japanese army to expand aggression to make a certain contribution
offer. battlefields in the enemy's rear area, the Navy implemented the paragraphs in the fall of the Yangtze River guerrilla mines, attacked the Japanese ships and transport ships, not only the Japanese can not make full use of waterways
logistics and the elimination of part of the Japanese forces, and also coordinate a positive battlefield operations behind enemy lines as
an important part of the battlefield.
Thirdly, the Chinese navy and the war against Japanese naval forces to contain the part of the support the Pacific and Southeast Asia war, a battle contact
Japan, the Pacific war, Southeast Asia, a link the battlefield, [21] Although this relatively weak link.
Although the Navy's role is important and can not be replaced, but the activities of the Navy also have significant limitations. First of all, the Navy's activities by geographical conditions, serious
weight restrictions, few lakes and rivers in the north region, the Navy is extremely limited room for maneuver, Shandong, Third Fleet
south to the officers and men the collective proof of this. Second, the Navy's activities can not rely on the cover of the army to play an independent role. War fortress building defensive works early
Navy lost several times because the Army was forced to abandon after the Japanese opponent posterior . Navy's mine-laying activities in a large extent also depends on
the cover of the Army, early 1945's and the Min River mine is temporarily unable to perform tasks, such as the Army offensive succeeded, to restore the original position, then the team that entered the
the original anti-mines, mines will be re-blockage of the river. [22] while in the Army need more cover for the enemy Houbu Lei not only mines
by the Army is responsible for transport, but the lack of self-defense force Bray team must cover by the Army to survive and mission behind enemy lines. Navy
great impact of these vulnerabilities status and role of the Navy .
three
in the Sino-Japanese War, the Army is the main force fighting the Japanese army, navy and air force are auxiliary army forces, from that point of view, the Navy's land
bit lower than the Army, but the Air Force equal. But in fact, supporting the Air Force is the main force, and has a strategic nature; and sea
military is less important, but tactical auxiliary power. This classification based primarily on each of the three armies in the war in carried out the role.
before the war, the Chinese and Japanese Army and Navy, Army and Navy are not a small gap, but the Chinese mainland are very large and diverse topography, population, public
more, and far fewer Chinese army more than the Japanese Army; resume fighting from the perspective of the Navy long construction period, the level of national industrial
high demand that was impossible in China, and China's coastline during the war the Japanese navy was completely blocked,
take foreign aid dispute is unrealistic. In contrast, in terms of personnel or equipment, the Army have been more fully recharge, war or even the late
American equipment and training all Army divisions, the Army overall combat effectiveness and even a little bit of leveling out with the Japanese.
As science and technology and industrial development, the Air Force as a new type of force is the rapid development, not only can co land (sea) surface
operations, but also use their mobility for quick transport, aerial reconnaissance and implementation of large-scale strategic bombing mission, so that the warring parties to win air supremacy
regarded as an important condition for victory. China is one of the earlier establishment of the Air Force, the National Government Air Force
attaches great importance to the development of pre-war great efforts to build not only the Air Force, and Air Force during the war, is strongly for foreign aid. At the time, Aviation Committee hired consultants
American Legion Captain Chennault Air Force to fight in foreign aid to China and improved tactics played an important role.
after America entered the war to the Chinese Air Force to provide a large number of weapons and equipment to help train pilots in China and sent directly to the 14th Air Force stationed in China. This
late for the Chinese Air Force to win control of the air war create the conditions.
eight-year war, the Chinese Air Force (not including the Soviet aid to China Volunteer Force and the U.S. Air Force) mission a total of 4260 times, which attack 3653
times, detection 219, 346 air defense and control of the air cover times, flew 19,542 sorties. [23] In the strategy, the United States before the war, the Chinese mainland Japan
Air Force air operations there, so were the Japanese mainland for the first time a foreign aircraft After America entered the war, the Air Force base
mainland China as U.S. strategic bombers bases in mainland Japan and Taiwan, the Chinese Air Force to provide ground support
and some logistical assistance, but also bear some of the other bombing missions . Meanwhile, the Chinese Air Force has also undertaken important aid channel
China Hump the opening, security work and some of the transport tasks, break the Japanese blockade of China's strategy. In the air war, the Japanese attack
rear base, the rear lines of communication and collaboration ground combat, the Chinese Air Force has made no small success. eight years, the Chinese
Air Force shot down enemy planes in aerial combat 592, hit hard and possibly shot down 95 enemy planes, bomb destroyed 540 enemy ground, hit enemy aircraft and possibly blow up
125; in the destruction of the enemy lines of communication, as well as direct combat with the army, destroying and hit all kinds of vessels 8346, destroying and re-record motorcycle
and various types of vehicles, 6855 (Taiwan), destroyed and 307 bridges hit, attack Japanese positions and barracks 838, destroying public
factory, warehouse, a total of 904 military depot, killed 31,466 Japanese soldiers. [25 ] if coupled with the Soviet Union Volunteer Force and U.S. Air Force
of 14 victories, then the more glorious victories. From the perspective of victories achieved, far greater than the Navy's role in the Air Force.
In addition, the Air Force combat less defensive topographical constraints, do not need too much with the Army and Air Force fighter appears to boost the morale of the army
, better use of their mobility to assist the implementation of air and airborne army. as in the Western Campaign, the Air Force put all of the United States training equipment and training-type heart
6 Western military air to the war, the victory in the battle to win play an important role in
it must be admitted that, after the war began a long period of time, the Air Force has not been able win air supremacy, and gradually reduced in the Soviet Union cut off aid to China until
, while the U.S. has not yet entered the war period, the Chinese Air Force because of continuous fighting, heavy losses and lack of access to add,
autumn is essentially unable to fight back the Japanese .1940 end of the year and the year 1941, the Chinese air force out of the only 3 times. [26] Therefore, when the
in this period, the Navy played a more important role. But after 1942, with the advent of large-scale U.S. aid, Air Force's strength has been restored and
development and gradually seized control of the air, down the importance of the Navy. In 1944, the long battle in the balance, although the naval blockade in the Xiangjiang River
in Japanese mines, but the Japanese Navy After a small mine in about 20 days the cost of clearing the channel, and the Xiangjiang River water to the Japanese war
served as a major gateway. The United States Air Force air while filling the Japanese suffered heavy losses, not only logistics repeated strikes, but suffered a strong front-line
air force, once stop the attack, [27] and stop the daytime, and had to rely on night operations.
[28]
It can be seen , Air Force, both defensive and offensive characteristics can be used to make the main naval defense dwarfs, and both sides in the war's status
compete with out also can be judged.
four
in the war, the Navy no doubt played a major role, but it is undeniable that the role of the Navy has a lot of limitations
of. This is mainly reflected in the Navy played a limited role in support of tactical, not strategic nature. War is still early naval force, when the main
, supporting role in the collaborative nature of operations is relatively obvious; Jiangyin bloody battle, due to the loss of naval surface ships main
lost and exhausted, the actual naval combat to help the Army belong to the army is fighting with. Navy and direction for the course of the war can not afford to make
with decisive, not only that, the battle is not at all play a decisive role. Wuhan, the Japanese along the Yangtze River during the Battle of reasons for the slow upstream operations
addition to blocking the Navy, there is one important reason is that the Chinese Air Force air strikes frequently. War stalemate
Hunan province served in several wars, such as winning the first battle of Changsha, the main reason that the Navy is not The destruction of the Japanese water coordination [29] and the main
mainly due to the Japanese offensive operations to contain only tactical, not strategic offensive, the first Battle of Changsha (the Japanese call br> Gordon Battle military attack and retreat too quickly with the Navy does not need.
Chinese navy's role in the war greatly influenced the status of the auxiliary force tactical m m below the ground is not only the main position, and
and the auxiliary power is lower than the Air Force's strategic position. Although the integrity of the Navy officers and men of war no less heroic than the other two armed services, but the level of the status of
determined not by integrity. In fact, the Navy in the war can play the role and status achieved by the geographical environment,
history of the National Government's policy and the development of military technology advances such as the result of multiple factors.
position of China and the overall In ancient geography east China sea barrier, blocking the west desert mountains, the main threat is the Ministry of Foreign
nomads in northern steppe zone, and the wars in Chinese history mainly marine-based. lack of stimulation in the sea countries
feudal dynasty rulers and soldiers, scientists are and poverty m m relative to China, so China has no overseas expansion but also the driving force. So there since ancient times in China
to sea without proof of the state. After entering the modern era, in the West , the Qing government have spent great efforts to establish a
fleet, but the old feudal system led to the Ming Chuan from the Navy also recover. Republican civil wars, on the one hand
is the local government attaches great importance during the Civil War can play a role in the Army and Air Force, Navy, have been ignored in the development of the Navy ships not afford to buy the first
into the other, so that the slow development of China's heavy industry, the development of the Navy unable to provide a strong industrial base.
and Japan's situation is different. As an island nation, the Navy is to defend Japan's territory and a major force in foreign expansion. After Japan was forced open
States, recognizing the importance of a modern army vigorously building the navy, the Sino and Russo-Japanese victory more to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Japanese naval construction
. to the First World War, Japan has built the world's third largest navy, naval power far beyond China.
vast Chinese mainland, the diversity of landscape, population the many and vast army, the army as the main force for China on the mainland to carry out guerrilla warfare support
Jiuzhan and provide the necessary conditions. and the sea, air power is relatively weak, and it can not afford a decisive role in the war .
south of the country in the lakes, many rivers, especially in the Yangtze River, the longer leg, and went to inland China, which for the Chinese navy back into the river provides a handy
operations. As the progress of military technology , increasing the role of the Air Force to win air superiority both in terms of defensive or offensive
are very important. National Government attaches great importance to the development of the Air Force, in the pre-war military spending, the Air Force, although less than the Army,
But far more than the Navy. [31] the rise and widespread use of the Air Force has also affected the role and status of the Navy.
National Government's policy on naval Navy disadvantage. national government was set to before the war in a state of civil war in China actually Therefore, the National
government attaches great importance to the land directly involved in the civil war, the Air Force's development. Meanwhile, the Navy split into three factions inside though, but have a strong
independence, as the Chiang Kai-shek not to for the direct descendant, nor support their development, but mine waste of money creation power school, as a direct descendant of Navy training
cradle of the future. And after the war, on the pretext of reform, the former navy commander exclusion Shao-Kuan Chen, and
loyalists put his generals. This is the Navy before the war an important cause of developmental delay.
War period, China's tight blockade of the coastline by the Japanese navy, the Chinese navy is difficult to obtain foreign aid; and coastal shipyards, dock after the fall,
the Navy can not build or repair ships. This situation also limits the Navy's role in the play.
Historiography essay contest entries
Songhu war, battle, and enemy Houbu Lei Wuhan better performance in both, and has Jiangyin bloody tragic act. However, the Chinese naval power in comparison with Japan is too weak
the Navy, but for various reasons are unable to Army, Air Force, as access to large-scale assistance, therefore, in the war
, even in battle can play a decisive role, but only supporting the Army's tactical forces, and its position not only lower than the Army's
main position, but lower than the auxiliary forces of the Air Force's strategic position. Navy limited the role and status of the underground is Geography of China Central
environmental, historical influence, the National Government's policy decisions, and many other factors, the Air Force's rapid rise has further weakened the Navy to
bit, but the sailors in the war with the Army, Air Force Memorial carried out as a bloody battle with the Japanese, the Chinese insisted that victory in war to make its own contribution
.
Keywords: Naval War
The Role of the war the domestic activities of the Navy research and modest, and some of the major works of war tend to focus on in the Army and Air Force
for the Navy only occasionally mentioned, even if often vaguely referred to, especially after the naval Battle of Wuhan live
action. This gives people a Navy impression of inaction in the war, reflecting on the performance in the community for people on the naval war in the very vague impression of
, just stay on the bloody battle in Jiangyin, but do not know or do not know the Navy other activities. In fact, the Navy played in the war
a more important role, not only the battle front, and is an important part of the battlefield behind enemy lines. but it must be admitted that the role of the Navy
is limited, only in tactics and the army and air force with, is a tactical auxiliary power. This paper combines a number of historical data, the Navy in the war on
the role and status of some analysis, and from the geographical environment, historical influence, the perspective of national government policies, the military role of the sea
limited and the low status of interpretation.
seventeen. July Incident, a total of 66 Chinese naval ships, with a total displacement of 68,000 tons; and the total Japanese Navy
120 million tons of displacement, in the number of the Chinese Navy is only about 5% of the Japanese navy. in terms of quality, the Chinese navy has only light cruiser following the various Kennedy
pretty, and new and different, weapons poorly equipped, not only the type of the whole Japanese Navy, including battleships and aircraft carriers with various types of
, including warships, but also a large number of new ships in the making. [1] More important, the Japanese navy's air force also made a huge Force and Marine
team, their leader has a wealth of naval experience, and soldiers are well trained at all levels Guanzuo.
relative strength of the Chinese navy conducted according to this war preparations. First, the revised Japan operational plans, abandoned the landing. transformation of a number of firm. Then plug in Jiangyin resistance
play an important role in fighting the . Third, the Navy stepped up combat training and exercises. [2] These measures are effective to improve the Navy's combat capability, the Chinese navy
early in the war played a positive role.
resistance to the Chinese Navy's Yangtze River basin the main battlefield, the Navy's mission and tactics used in different order
War can be divided into four sections: The first stage is the Battle of Battle of Shanghai and Nanjing, the second phase of the Battle of Wuhan, the third phase of very general in the War of Resistance
stalemate, that is, Wuhan, Guangzhou, the fall of 1945, the fourth stage is the stage of surrender.
the first stage, mainly wreck blocking the Chinese navy, mine blockade tactics. to prevent invasion of the Japanese ship river, the Chinese army to defend the rear wing side
. In Jiangyin, China blocked the cover of naval surface fleet main line, was at naval air attack, suffered heavy losses.
war broke out, the Chinese Navy program that is in accordance with the pre-war back into the river. in the Yangtze region, China Jiangyin building block in the line of the Navy, and sent warships destroyed except
Jiangyin downstream route signs. Songhu area in Huangpu line completed within three blocks, while mobilizing forces Manufacturing Department of the Navy Water
Lei, blocked many Gangcha Songhu region, to prevent invasion of the Japanese boat. Songhu Navy also conducted a number of regional operations .8 16
agents, China Yuleikuaiting attack the Japanese Navy's flagship, Cloud the direction of the Navy Shanghai
to the enemy. Japanese br> Chinese Navy fleet blocking the main line of the building cover the work of Jiangyin, the Japanese said: The strong sea-level cruiser l r, l r b Ninghai ship along the Yangtze River threaten
my big ships. so that the fleet command 3 from air operations, whether or blockade, must be hit
off. functions.
have been sunk in the main ship, the Chinese navy had to change the line to defend Jiangyin blocking strategy, decided to demolish the two
guns mounted on the Yangtze River shore, strengthen the construction of Jiangyin fortress, to the waist hit enemy ships. Jiangyin Japanese naval fortress once repelled the attack, but after losing the lead Army to the Japanese cut off the posterior
plug, had to destroy the fortress artillery units to retreat.
At this stage, the Navy except in Jiangyin, Shanghai, the blocking battle, but in Qingdao, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang Zhenhai,
Fujian, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other sunken ships blocking the harbor also carried out. According to the Republic of China Shipping Association survey, the National Government during the war the country
Shen plug blockade acquisition charge a total of 5,297,719 tons of ships. [5]
the second phase of naval war, the navy blockade mainly layout and organization of artillery mines to block the river and created the first
floating mines, and tactical times the enemy Houbu Lei. the Chinese Navy to block the use of large-scale mine at a good-ship victories obtained, because although the powerful Japanese navy,
but recognized its mine-clearance capacity is weak. [6]
After the fall of Nanjing, China Navy to focus on the Yangtze River, with a new blockade. Chinese navy arranged from east to west along the Yangtze River Madang, Hukou - Jiujiang, Tian Jiazhen, Gedian four defensive line, respectively, to set mines in the water blockade, another grouping of artillery Set
fortress artillery positions and destroy the route signs Digang to Hankou. Navy is still sinking into Madang blocking line again. But the Japanese army's defeat led to repeated work
the circuitous tactics, naval fortress artillery positions had to be abandoned, even in Hukou - Jiujiang position on the river has not yet appeared on the case
ship, the Navy was forced to destroy artillery guns to retreat.
in the second phase of the war, the Navy mine-laying team growing role. In addition to the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake mine set up within the cordon
, but also in the light falling on the basis of mine to design a drift mine, in September 1938 for the first time in the new continent, Wuxue along the river use,
sinking two Japanese ships, and attack behind enemy lines in the same month, in the arrangement of floating mines Guichi 60. [7] and during the Battle of Wuhan, the Chinese navy has sunk
, strike Japanese ships and transport vessels injured a total of more than 50 ships and more than 10 Japanese aircraft shot down aircraft. [8] and then the few remaining naval surface ships
boats also played a role. Hukou after the fall, Navy Yuleikuaiting attack attack Japanese ship three times, or send a ship as a military commission
transport tasks, basically no combat missions. As Ge Jian lack of air defense weapons, and no air cover,
attack machine in Japan suffered heavy losses.
entered the Navy in the war Stage 3, the Navy rely mainly on building defensive works team fortress defense artillery and mine Jingjiang, Yangtze River, Xiangjiang River and Lake Cave
court to prevent the Japanese Navy and Army with further violations, while mine sent teams behind enemy lines to disrupt the Japanese Yangtze River Water Transport Exchange
pass. In the year 1940, the Japanese total of 80 ships sunk by mines. [9] naval air due to lack of necessary equipment, in
next day air machine losses, although China after the outbreak of war in the Pacific, the Navy accepted the United States, Britain and France presented the five rivers
gunboats, but the total is only 14, and the lack of weapons and equipment, deployed mainly in the Yangtze River, etc., inability to Japanese attack. [ ,],[Angeles, Yueyang and Yichang; and several battle in Hunan, the Japanese navy was no breakthrough in the Chinese navy
law minefield. But by 1944, the Japanese seem to have enhanced ability to mine, broke through the minefield. < br> in other Chinese coastal provinces, except the initial congestion naval operations, there are other activities, but the stage is not obvious.
in Shandong in the first three fleets, ships from the sink, the Marine Corps to participate in to stay in Shandong guerrilla warfare, and the remaining officers and men of the south to the Yangtze River basin, in defense of Wu Han and the Yangtze River
. in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, the Navy's activities are more mines were deployed to the provinces and the establishment of Fort team. But three
Province War and have different characteristics. in Zhejiang, is laying the main activities and artillery defense; Fujian Marines guarding the island,
anti-landing operations, Strikes Back, played an important role, and make some pseudo- Army anyway. [11] Chinese navy stationed in Guangdong Fleet
four early in the war to attack twice, and achieved an sinking Japanese destroyer, destroying the battery, four of the record, [12] behind enemy lines, guerrilla cloth
Ray also obtained some victories.
In addition, the Navy also organized teams for the protection of the Yangtze River mine safety and the elimination of the rear channel blockade in the Japanese army in the coastal port of mines planted
. In addition, Marines Hunan and other places in the team take the main road and protect the work of bandits.
end of the war, the Navy began to surrender, to receive goods and naval facilities Puppet Navy, receiving between Kinmen and Xiamen, Taiwan, Penghu, naval bases, etc..
removing the Yangtze River and coastal mines, etc., clear path to ensure the security and armed forces to resume normal shipping water transport. In addition, gifts received
ship by the United States and Britain to rebuild the water south to the South China Sea Fleet and the islands of recovered Paracel, Spratly Islands . destroyed the Japanese Navy Memorial in Japan in the Sino
items over the Northern Fleet and the Navy to recover lost property, meeting the Japanese surrender firm, became the new
sensational news. [13]
II
in the war, the comparison of Chinese and Japanese naval power was too poor, the quality of the same period, although not as good as the Japanese army, but after all, has tens of millions of young soldiers
farmers can supplement, but also familiar with the geographical environment and Advantages deal with the Japanese troops. Therefore, the National Government
abandon offshore sea battle strategies, and decided to implement a protracted war on the mainland. Since then the capital of China, and some important
provisional capital cities are located in the Yangtze River basin, The national government's main strategy is to attract the Japanese in central China along the Yangtze River westward offensive, so
Chinese navy's main task is to help land the Air Force deployed along the Yangtze River, blocking the Japanese navy.
in the history of the National Government ,1926 -1927 on the years of civil war, in the immediate counter attack warlord Sun Chuan-fang and Tang Sheng-chih's
punitive expedition battle, the Navy cut off the enemy in the north-south links to spearhead prompted the collapse of the enemy, has played an important role. [14] and this
Army alone several battles proved almost impossible to stop the naval battle along the Yangtze River upstream. In the course of war, naval forces also proved
his blocking is effective, because every mostly abandoned naval zone of the defeat of the Army or the result of the withdrawal, but
not break the Japanese naval zone caused the collapse front. forest cover, the Navy has changed several times to force the Japanese war plan, to give up land for
war, and the implementation of the Army circuitous or penetration, which wiped out the Chinese Army has created opportunities. For example, in Japanese entitled Dredging work is extremely difficult to progress en route, plus the frequent enemy air attacks, forcing the detachment of the wave field to give up the river by the
attack changed in the June 24 landing in Hong mouth and started along the road to the Hukou onslaught from the south. Changsha will
the first war, the Japanese minefield to bypass the Chinese navy, had to use small boats to carry a small amount of supplies distributed landing, although the moment to succeed, but
for the scattered strength, but to wipe out the Chinese army division. [16]
tactics of the Chinese navy's floating mines and enemy activities against the Japanese Hou Bulei water transport, forcing the Japanese repeatedly declared in the Yangtze River suspended or restricted
route, even if the navigation channel can not guarantee safety. As of July 1943, in respect of the Wuhu Yangtze River to the Hukou, Jiujiang to Hankow, Han
mouth to Yueyang three regions, the Chinese navy attack force of 93 times mine, mine drainage cloth 1600, sank 156 Japanese ships vessels. [17] In addition
several naval battles in stalemate Bray also stepped up in order to echo the Army's operations. For example, in the winter 1939 offensive,
Madang Chinese army counter-offensive, the Navy of the Yangtze River Bray team take the initiative to coordinate the Army's attack and retreat. [18] and in other parts of the mine-laying activities
also made a more significant effect of the Pearl River in Guangdong .1943 cloth laying mines sunk by the pseudo-force the Navy commander of the Guangdong to Hong Kong Ministry
flagship the Japanese revenge. repeatedly against the Japanese along the Yangtze River is not only mine teams base, and extremely cruel treatment of captured
officers .1940 mine, at the Yangtze River naval mine-laying mission team scout Benny Chan was born in Lake < br> mouth captured, reflected in three aspects:
First, the defense early stages of war, the navy to help the army fight, delay or prevent the Japanese Navy, especially along the Yangtze River
straight into the long drive to the mainland to thwart the invasion of their quick-fix strategy and forced the Japanese to change tactics several times, a large roundabout with the Army, and then use the Chinese mainland
military advantages of geographical advantage and destroy the enemy forces to create the conditions. Naval War although the initial retreat continued, but slow the Japanese
along the Yangtze River upstream speed, the cover of the Beijing-Shanghai and the Yangtze River area factories and enterprises, strategic materials moved westward to Sichuan, China continues to maintain the economic base of operations
contributed.
Second, War stand-off, the Navy continued to mine the battlefield in front of the Japanese naval blockade, and stick to the fortress fort, so that at sea
military can not fully match with the Army's role in the stability of the battlefield in order to maintain a positive, defeat the Japanese army to expand aggression to make a certain contribution
offer. battlefields in the enemy's rear area, the Navy implemented the paragraphs in the fall of the Yangtze River guerrilla mines, attacked the Japanese ships and transport ships, not only the Japanese can not make full use of waterways
logistics and the elimination of part of the Japanese forces, and also coordinate a positive battlefield operations behind enemy lines as
an important part of the battlefield.
Thirdly, the Chinese navy and the war against Japanese naval forces to contain the part of the support the Pacific and Southeast Asia war, a battle contact
Japan, the Pacific war, Southeast Asia, a link the battlefield, [21] Although this relatively weak link.
Although the Navy's role is important and can not be replaced, but the activities of the Navy also have significant limitations. First of all, the Navy's activities by geographical conditions, serious
weight restrictions, few lakes and rivers in the north region, the Navy is extremely limited room for maneuver, Shandong, Third Fleet
south to the officers and men the collective proof of this. Second, the Navy's activities can not rely on the cover of the army to play an independent role. War fortress building defensive works early
Navy lost several times because the Army was forced to abandon after the Japanese opponent posterior . Navy's mine-laying activities in a large extent also depends on
the cover of the Army, early 1945's and the Min River mine is temporarily unable to perform tasks, such as the Army offensive succeeded, to restore the original position, then the team that entered the
the original anti-mines, mines will be re-blockage of the river. [22] while in the Army need more cover for the enemy Houbu Lei not only mines
by the Army is responsible for transport, but the lack of self-defense force Bray team must cover by the Army to survive and mission behind enemy lines. Navy
great impact of these vulnerabilities status and role of the Navy .
three
in the Sino-Japanese War, the Army is the main force fighting the Japanese army, navy and air force are auxiliary army forces, from that point of view, the Navy's land
bit lower than the Army, but the Air Force equal. But in fact, supporting the Air Force is the main force, and has a strategic nature; and sea
military is less important, but tactical auxiliary power. This classification based primarily on each of the three armies in the war in carried out the role.
before the war, the Chinese and Japanese Army and Navy, Army and Navy are not a small gap, but the Chinese mainland are very large and diverse topography, population, public
more, and far fewer Chinese army more than the Japanese Army; resume fighting from the perspective of the Navy long construction period, the level of national industrial
high demand that was impossible in China, and China's coastline during the war the Japanese navy was completely blocked,
take foreign aid dispute is unrealistic. In contrast, in terms of personnel or equipment, the Army have been more fully recharge, war or even the late
American equipment and training all Army divisions, the Army overall combat effectiveness and even a little bit of leveling out with the Japanese.
As science and technology and industrial development, the Air Force as a new type of force is the rapid development, not only can co land (sea) surface
operations, but also use their mobility for quick transport, aerial reconnaissance and implementation of large-scale strategic bombing mission, so that the warring parties to win air supremacy
regarded as an important condition for victory. China is one of the earlier establishment of the Air Force, the National Government Air Force
attaches great importance to the development of pre-war great efforts to build not only the Air Force, and Air Force during the war, is strongly for foreign aid. At the time, Aviation Committee hired consultants
American Legion Captain Chennault Air Force to fight in foreign aid to China and improved tactics played an important role.
after America entered the war to the Chinese Air Force to provide a large number of weapons and equipment to help train pilots in China and sent directly to the 14th Air Force stationed in China. This
late for the Chinese Air Force to win control of the air war create the conditions.
eight-year war, the Chinese Air Force (not including the Soviet aid to China Volunteer Force and the U.S. Air Force) mission a total of 4260 times, which attack 3653
times, detection 219, 346 air defense and control of the air cover times, flew 19,542 sorties. [23] In the strategy, the United States before the war, the Chinese mainland Japan
Air Force air operations there, so were the Japanese mainland for the first time a foreign aircraft After America entered the war, the Air Force base
mainland China as U.S. strategic bombers bases in mainland Japan and Taiwan, the Chinese Air Force to provide ground support
and some logistical assistance, but also bear some of the other bombing missions . Meanwhile, the Chinese Air Force has also undertaken important aid channel
China Hump the opening, security work and some of the transport tasks, break the Japanese blockade of China's strategy. In the air war, the Japanese attack
rear base, the rear lines of communication and collaboration ground combat, the Chinese Air Force has made no small success. eight years, the Chinese
Air Force shot down enemy planes in aerial combat 592, hit hard and possibly shot down 95 enemy planes, bomb destroyed 540 enemy ground, hit enemy aircraft and possibly blow up
125; in the destruction of the enemy lines of communication, as well as direct combat with the army, destroying and hit all kinds of vessels 8346, destroying and re-record motorcycle
and various types of vehicles, 6855 (Taiwan), destroyed and 307 bridges hit, attack Japanese positions and barracks 838, destroying public
factory, warehouse, a total of 904 military depot, killed 31,466 Japanese soldiers. [25 ] if coupled with the Soviet Union Volunteer Force and U.S. Air Force
of 14 victories, then the more glorious victories. From the perspective of victories achieved, far greater than the Navy's role in the Air Force.
In addition, the Air Force combat less defensive topographical constraints, do not need too much with the Army and Air Force fighter appears to boost the morale of the army
, better use of their mobility to assist the implementation of air and airborne army. as in the Western Campaign, the Air Force put all of the United States training equipment and training-type heart
6 Western military air to the war, the victory in the battle to win play an important role in
it must be admitted that, after the war began a long period of time, the Air Force has not been able win air supremacy, and gradually reduced in the Soviet Union cut off aid to China until
, while the U.S. has not yet entered the war period, the Chinese Air Force because of continuous fighting, heavy losses and lack of access to add,
autumn is essentially unable to fight back the Japanese .1940 end of the year and the year 1941, the Chinese air force out of the only 3 times. [26] Therefore, when the
in this period, the Navy played a more important role. But after 1942, with the advent of large-scale U.S. aid, Air Force's strength has been restored and
development and gradually seized control of the air, down the importance of the Navy. In 1944, the long battle in the balance, although the naval blockade in the Xiangjiang River
in Japanese mines, but the Japanese Navy After a small mine in about 20 days the cost of clearing the channel, and the Xiangjiang River water to the Japanese war
served as a major gateway. The United States Air Force air while filling the Japanese suffered heavy losses, not only logistics repeated strikes, but suffered a strong front-line
air force, once stop the attack, [27] and stop the daytime, and had to rely on night operations.
[28]
It can be seen , Air Force, both defensive and offensive characteristics can be used to make the main naval defense dwarfs, and both sides in the war's status
compete with out also can be judged.
four
in the war, the Navy no doubt played a major role, but it is undeniable that the role of the Navy has a lot of limitations
of. This is mainly reflected in the Navy played a limited role in support of tactical, not strategic nature. War is still early naval force, when the main
, supporting role in the collaborative nature of operations is relatively obvious; Jiangyin bloody battle, due to the loss of naval surface ships main
lost and exhausted, the actual naval combat to help the Army belong to the army is fighting with. Navy and direction for the course of the war can not afford to make
with decisive, not only that, the battle is not at all play a decisive role. Wuhan, the Japanese along the Yangtze River during the Battle of reasons for the slow upstream operations
addition to blocking the Navy, there is one important reason is that the Chinese Air Force air strikes frequently. War stalemate
Hunan province served in several wars, such as winning the first battle of Changsha, the main reason that the Navy is not The destruction of the Japanese water coordination [29] and the main
mainly due to the Japanese offensive operations to contain only tactical, not strategic offensive, the first Battle of Changsha (the Japanese call br> Gordon Battle military attack and retreat too quickly with the Navy does not need.
Chinese navy's role in the war greatly influenced the status of the auxiliary force tactical m m below the ground is not only the main position, and
and the auxiliary power is lower than the Air Force's strategic position. Although the integrity of the Navy officers and men of war no less heroic than the other two armed services, but the level of the status of
determined not by integrity. In fact, the Navy in the war can play the role and status achieved by the geographical environment,
history of the National Government's policy and the development of military technology advances such as the result of multiple factors.
position of China and the overall In ancient geography east China sea barrier, blocking the west desert mountains, the main threat is the Ministry of Foreign
nomads in northern steppe zone, and the wars in Chinese history mainly marine-based. lack of stimulation in the sea countries
feudal dynasty rulers and soldiers, scientists are and poverty m m relative to China, so China has no overseas expansion but also the driving force. So there since ancient times in China
to sea without proof of the state. After entering the modern era, in the West , the Qing government have spent great efforts to establish a
fleet, but the old feudal system led to the Ming Chuan from the Navy also recover. Republican civil wars, on the one hand
is the local government attaches great importance during the Civil War can play a role in the Army and Air Force, Navy, have been ignored in the development of the Navy ships not afford to buy the first
into the other, so that the slow development of China's heavy industry, the development of the Navy unable to provide a strong industrial base.
and Japan's situation is different. As an island nation, the Navy is to defend Japan's territory and a major force in foreign expansion. After Japan was forced open
States, recognizing the importance of a modern army vigorously building the navy, the Sino and Russo-Japanese victory more to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Japanese naval construction
. to the First World War, Japan has built the world's third largest navy, naval power far beyond China.
vast Chinese mainland, the diversity of landscape, population the many and vast army, the army as the main force for China on the mainland to carry out guerrilla warfare support
Jiuzhan and provide the necessary conditions. and the sea, air power is relatively weak, and it can not afford a decisive role in the war .
south of the country in the lakes, many rivers, especially in the Yangtze River, the longer leg, and went to inland China, which for the Chinese navy back into the river provides a handy
operations. As the progress of military technology , increasing the role of the Air Force to win air superiority both in terms of defensive or offensive
are very important. National Government attaches great importance to the development of the Air Force, in the pre-war military spending, the Air Force, although less than the Army,
But far more than the Navy. [31] the rise and widespread use of the Air Force has also affected the role and status of the Navy.
National Government's policy on naval Navy disadvantage. national government was set to before the war in a state of civil war in China actually Therefore, the National
government attaches great importance to the land directly involved in the civil war, the Air Force's development. Meanwhile, the Navy split into three factions inside though, but have a strong
independence, as the Chiang Kai-shek not to for the direct descendant, nor support their development, but mine waste of money creation power school, as a direct descendant of Navy training
cradle of the future. And after the war, on the pretext of reform, the former navy commander exclusion Shao-Kuan Chen, and
loyalists put his generals. This is the Navy before the war an important cause of developmental delay.
War period, China's tight blockade of the coastline by the Japanese navy, the Chinese navy is difficult to obtain foreign aid; and coastal shipyards, dock after the fall,
the Navy can not build or repair ships. This situation also limits the Navy's role in the play.
Historiography essay contest entries
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Six rows of Germany - the home of Mozart in Salzburg
25 at night, we went to the north of Salzburg, Austria, where the north of the Alps, and with the German border. Known as status is paramount. The annual New Year's Day, the Vienna Golden Hall continue to draw the attention of billions of viewers, but by the summer, the beautiful scenery of Salzburg International Festival has become the Mecca of the world of classical art lovers. every year July 8, late to the end, in the Saar River Rach brings together the best conductors from around the world, the stage guide, Orchestra, singers, actors. We are all here to eat in the restaurant, open Wenzhou, Wenzhou People footprints all over the world almost, to do all the work, the Chinese really is a very hard-working and brave people, I as a Chinese also feel very proud. Ouke morning saw the company's energy-saving boiler Mo Luoni very good! arranged a shopping, I found the Chinese people around to buy things like the heap, a great herd mentality, the average per capita consumption of 200 euros today, we all happily carry a lot of loot back to the car. Now we have to wear the Alps, to Venice, Italy. the car driving on the highway through the Alps, flanked by high mountains, slightly light rain, cloud and fog, and occasionally the peak of the mountains, or the quiet little hill villages, very beautiful. All this beautiful scenery with the Alps seamless, very beautiful. tour guide said that only at the border to see the landscape, eyes closed, had to rest a little tired, but could not bear to miss this rare beauty , picked up a camera shutter, each of them like a postcard! Here is the birth of Mozart's music are also one of the most beautiful cities around the world, did not see a high-rise buildings, see the place is so The picturesque film . Salzburg castle Brilliance. to commemorate Mozart, Salzburg in 1887 to 1910 at 8 times during the Mozart Festival. From 1920 onwards, the annual Salzburg Festival, lasted more than a month. Art Festival during World War II interrupted the restoration of .1945, the increasing scale of the musical life of the world's a big event. seem to be living here, people do not know real depression in general, harmonious to the extreme.
Thursday, February 17, 2011
Songs
Song: Today you will marry me
Singer: Jolin Tsai & David Tao
away the winter flowers in spring breeze blowing in the sentimental romantic atmosphere
Every love song suddenly full of meaning
I'll see you at this moment suddenly taken away
flowers in spring breeze blowing in the winter hungry
unexpected love draws us closer to the birds singing
At this point I suddenly fall in love You listen to me
go hand in hand with me to create a happy life
Yesterday you did not
tomorrow will you marry me today, unfortunately
jolin in the house
dt (david tao) in the house
our love in the house
touch of spring warm summer sunshine lazy
happy family
every love song will bring
I remember when I remember how sad to know you
the end of winter, autumn breeze blowing ups alone
thoughts
birdsong makes me not want to leave at the moment how much I want to
Listen to me hold you
go hand in hand with me live a stable life
Yesterday you did not
tomorrow would be a shame
you will marry me today
listen to me go hand in hand with us a lifetime to me
you do not look back yesterday to the White
first
tomorrow you will marry me today, listening to the auditorium
bell
God and family and friends before we witness
boys and girls should marry this couple
do not forget just how sacred
you are willing to worse be with her < br> care of her respect for her comfort her protect her
two people creates a happy family
you willing to do so you
yes i do!
hand Listen to me
hand all the way to the end of your life to me
Yesterday was the past memories, think of
today, tomorrow you will marry me
Han Xue
-MUSIC-
back to meet sites
found out I do not know
you are not afraid of that love deep sadness
loved to let your heart into the snow
I walk alone, lonely Long Street
memories of scenes repeated
I told myself brave to face
broken heart and I also think of the perfect
picture
tears your hand into the sky raining and you if I
meet again Love is still a dream to let
round
-MUSIC-
our thinking in a different world every time the misunderstanding
want to do is snuggle beside you
happens You have thousands of miles away
I walk alone, lonely scenes of repeated
Long Street
memories I told myself brave to face
broken heart and I also think of the perfect
hand of the screen you
tears into the sky rain
If you can meet again and I let the situation still dream can
round
-MUSIC-
think of me and you hand the picture
tears
rain into the sky and if I let you love can still meet again
think of my dream to circle the picture with your hand into the rain tears the sky
if I and meet again can you still dream
let love let love can still dream round
can round
-END-
Over.
Song: Sometimes
Artist: Gigi Leung Album: Super Best
clockwise
I hear on the car bound Peak
broadcast the song
really want people to cry and turn to another station
But turn not open my heart is sad because you love to watch night
may say also flash with the mystery will not be scared to ask who snatched
after you leave a safe distance to get used to Sometimes the conversation becomes empty
silence like a lover so heavy when communication
as friends but sometimes alone can easily
loneliness can also be a free
comforting themselves more easily happy
Singer: Jolin Tsai & David Tao
away the winter flowers in spring breeze blowing in the sentimental romantic atmosphere
Every love song suddenly full of meaning
I'll see you at this moment suddenly taken away
flowers in spring breeze blowing in the winter hungry
unexpected love draws us closer to the birds singing
At this point I suddenly fall in love You listen to me
go hand in hand with me to create a happy life
Yesterday you did not
tomorrow will you marry me today, unfortunately
jolin in the house
dt (david tao) in the house
our love in the house
touch of spring warm summer sunshine lazy
happy family
every love song will bring
I remember when I remember how sad to know you
the end of winter, autumn breeze blowing ups alone
thoughts
birdsong makes me not want to leave at the moment how much I want to
Listen to me hold you
go hand in hand with me live a stable life
Yesterday you did not
tomorrow would be a shame
you will marry me today
listen to me go hand in hand with us a lifetime to me
you do not look back yesterday to the White
first
tomorrow you will marry me today, listening to the auditorium
bell
God and family and friends before we witness
boys and girls should marry this couple
do not forget just how sacred
you are willing to worse be with her < br> care of her respect for her comfort her protect her
two people creates a happy family
you willing to do so you
yes i do!
hand Listen to me
hand all the way to the end of your life to me
Yesterday was the past memories, think of
today, tomorrow you will marry me
Han Xue
-MUSIC-
back to meet sites
found out I do not know
you are not afraid of that love deep sadness
loved to let your heart into the snow
I walk alone, lonely Long Street
memories of scenes repeated
I told myself brave to face
broken heart and I also think of the perfect
picture
tears your hand into the sky raining and you if I
meet again Love is still a dream to let
round
-MUSIC-
our thinking in a different world every time the misunderstanding
want to do is snuggle beside you
happens You have thousands of miles away
I walk alone, lonely scenes of repeated
Long Street
memories I told myself brave to face
broken heart and I also think of the perfect
hand of the screen you
tears into the sky rain
If you can meet again and I let the situation still dream can
round
-MUSIC-
think of me and you hand the picture
tears
rain into the sky and if I let you love can still meet again
think of my dream to circle the picture with your hand into the rain tears the sky
if I and meet again can you still dream
let love let love can still dream round
can round
-END-
Over.
Song: Sometimes
Artist: Gigi Leung Album: Super Best
clockwise
I hear on the car bound Peak
broadcast the song
really want people to cry and turn to another station
But turn not open my heart is sad because you love to watch night
may say also flash with the mystery will not be scared to ask who snatched
after you leave a safe distance to get used to Sometimes the conversation becomes empty
silence like a lover so heavy when communication
as friends but sometimes alone can easily
loneliness can also be a free
comforting themselves more easily happy
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Eleventh Five-Year Plan on the development of the proposed instructions
October 8, Premier Wen Jiabao on Jupeng She
Politburo Standing Committee and the Central Political Bureau meeting on the also widely consulted various regions and departments Party (Party), the old party comrades and Shiliu Da representatives, listened to the democratic parties, the National Federation responsible person, without party affiliation and views of experts and scholars. formation process is to fully carry forward the democratic process, the better to focus on the wisdom of all sides. The , draws held next spring, the Tenth National People's Congress approved at its fourth meeting, promulgated and implemented. Now, I commissioned by the Central Political Bureau, on period of great achievements in economic and social development; for the future, we stand at a new historical starting point. The judge is in line with the actual situation. the new century, the first five years, the historical process in our country is an extraordinary period, is future, the times of five years. out of the last century of the Asian financial crisis, the severe impact of SARS outbreak and to successfully overcome the challenges of natural disasters, strengthen and improve macro-control, effectively control the economy is not running stability of unhealthy factors in economic and social maintained a good momentum of development. According to National Bureau of Statistics preliminary estimates of gross domestic product in 2005 will exceed 15 trillion yuan, five-year average growth of 8.8%; revenue will reach about 3 trillion yuan, of 1.3395 trillion yuan in 2000 increased by 1.3 times. economic restructuring made important progress in agriculture, especially grain production, an important turn, energy, transportation, raw materials and other basic industries and infrastructure development was accelerated, high-tech industries have been more great development. deepening of reform, especially in some important areas and key links with a major breakthrough in structural reform, gradually improve the socialist market economic system. opening up further. foreign trade on a big stage, is expected to import and export in 2005 will total more than 1.38 trillion U.S. dollars, compared with 474.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2000 increased by 1.9 times. is expected to total five-year 270 billion U.S. dollars foreign capital. urban and rural residents have a more substantial increase in income, life improved. all social undertakings made new progress. socialist democracy and spiritual civilization achieved significant results. five years, China's economic strength, overall national strength and international status improved significantly. is especially important that our party's understanding of the laws of economic and social development of a new leap, put forward people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific development concept and building a socialist harmonious society, a major ideas, which for comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society and the modernization of overall and long-term guidance.
and domestic and international situation. the coming period, the international environment as a whole in our favor. peace, development and cooperation have become the trend of the times. deepening economic globalization and science and technology are advancing rapidly. This has helped us to focus on accelerating the development of their own, better use of domestic and foreign markets and resources. China has a lot of favorable conditions. We have more than 1.3 billion people growing domestic market demand, there is a rich and continuously improve the overall quality of labor resources, with significant improvement in infrastructure and technology educational base, a stable social and political environment, as well as in practice, accumulated rich experience. take full advantage of favorable conditions at home and abroad, the next five years we can accomplish a great deal.
the same time, we must clearly see, we are faced with many outstanding issues and challenges. international environmental uncertainties and destabilizing factors in the increase in international oil prices remain high, more intense international competition, trade protectionism tends to strengthen. China is now still in the primary stage of socialism will be long, productive forces developed, uneven regional development, urban and rural areas; independent innovation capability is not strong, irrational economic structure and extensive mode of growth has not fundamentally changed, resources, environment and employment pressures; contradiction in the income distribution, affecting the vital interests of the many issues that must be resolved; especially the economic and social development of institutional mechanisms is also more. We must be vigilant in peace, establish a sense of urgency, a high degree of attention to these contradictions and problems, do a good job to overcome the difficulties and fully prepared to cope with risks.
In short, we must strengthen the sense of historical responsibility and the times of urgency, to continue to seize and strategic opportunity to redouble their efforts to do a good job, meet new challenges, new tasks so that the development of our country in a new starting point to continue to the grand goal of modernization, and gradually achieve national prosperity and people's lives richer. This gives us an important history and glorious mission.
Second, on the do a good job developing the party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating, persist in taking economic construction, stick with the development and reform methods to solve the problem. development must be the scientific development should be people-oriented, change the concept of development, innovation and development model improve the quality of development, implementation of the times, it is guiding the socialist modernization drive a major development. development and implementation of the . To this end, the the need to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, must be building a harmonious society, must continue to deepen reform and opening up. This comprehensive, dialectical understanding of and deep understanding.
to maintain stable and rapid economic development is important to always take a good principle. in real terms in the scientific development concept is to achieve faster and better development. solve all problems is the key to development. To meet the growing material and cultural needs, ease employment pressure and handle various social contradictions, there is no sustained and rapid economic development is impossible. We must make full use of favorable conditions to promote development. Meanwhile, the development must be the development of science, to improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth, focusing on resource conservation and environmental protection. If we ignore the quality of growth and efficiency, at the waste of resources and damage to the environment, one-sided pursuit of momentary speed, blind expansion of fixed assets investment scale of this economic development is not sustainable and will inevitably lead to major fluctuations. We must correctly grasp the trend of economic development changes in a timely manner and take effective measures to properly address may prevent the stable and rapid economic development issues. < br> to speed up economic restructuring is to firmly grasp the main line. irrational economic structure, China's current outstanding problems in economic development. low level of industrial structure, urban and rural, regional development, lack of coordination, imbalance between investment and consumption, This is the economy's overall quality and efficiency is not high, economic and social development, there are many contradictions in the important reasons. efforts to solve the economic structure in order to continue to expand domestic demand, increase effective supply, promotion of employment, significantly improve the quality of economic growth and efficiency, and promote urban and rural areas , coordinated regional development. To insist on promoting the strategic adjustment of economic structure, the adjustment of economic structure, to achieve rapid development.
strong economic growth mode transformation, is to truly grasp the key issues. a long time, China's economic development over rely on expanding the investment scale and increased material inputs, such extensive economic growth mode, with the resources and the environment become increasingly acute contradictions can no longer continue. must be a fundamental transformation of economic growth, which should have a strong The sense of urgency. from the promotion of science and technology, deepen reform, strengthen scientific management, to take more effective measures, focus on improving the efficiency of resource use, reduce material consumption, protecting the environment, adhere to the conservation development, clean development, security, development, implementation sustainable development.
improve living standards of people across the country, is to adhere to the fundamental purpose of achieving. the people first and governing for the people, is the essential requirement of the party's purpose. We must always put people's interests first, the economic development and improving people's lives as the starting point and destination. from the most fundamental interests of the people and development, engage in development, ensuring the people's economic, political, and cultural rights. With economic development and increase social wealth, to keep increase the incomes of residents, expand consumption and optimize the consumption structure, improve the consumption level and quality of life of the people involved in efforts to solve outstanding problems vital interests, so that all people share the fruits of reform and development, to lead a comfortable life more comfortable.
In a comprehensive analysis based on various factors, democracy and legal system and so on. There are two important objectives for the main point to note. First proposed in optimizing structure, improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption, based on the 2010 per capita GDP double that of 2000, more than the central proposed years ago to double gross domestic product of some more demanding. This is a comprehensive account of The. Second is the building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and sustainable development. In recent years China's energy consumption growth rate was faster than economic growth, all aspects of energy conservation and improve energy efficiency and great potential, through the efforts of this a goal is achievable.
Third, on the several issues.
(a) building a new socialist countryside. a major historic task of new rural areas, mainly to consider: on the one hand, to achieve the difficult goal of building a well-off and key in the countryside, building a new socialist countryside, reflect the requirements of comprehensive development of rural areas, but also to consolidate and strengthen agriculture as the foundation of the comprehensive building a moderately prosperous society in an important measure. On the other hand, rural development and reform in China has entered a new phase, we must follow the requirements of urban and rural development, and implement industry nurturing agriculture and cities support the countryside and rural development to increase the parties to the face support, so as to quickly change the backwardness of rural areas.
goal of building a socialist new countryside and requirements can be summarized as: the development of production, affluent life, civilization, clean and tidy villages and democratic management. this twenty words, rich content, the implication is profound, gives full expression to the new situation of rural economic, political, cultural and social development. building a new socialist countryside should focus on the following key aspects: first, to promote modern agriculture. accelerate agricultural scientific and technological progress, adjust the structure of agricultural production, strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction, improve the overall agricultural production capacity. The second is to deepen rural tax reform as the key to a comprehensive reform. accelerate the rural institutions, rural compulsory education, county and township fiscal system, rural finance and land requisition system and other aspects of reform. Third, vigorously develop rural public utilities. accelerate the development of rural culture and education, focusing on rural areas to extend and consolidate compulsory education, strengthen rural public health and basic medical service system, promote rural spirit civilization and a harmonious society, significant improvement in rural production and living conditions and overall appearance. Fourth, do everything possible to increase farmers income. to adopt comprehensive measures, to open up channels for peasants to increase income, and tap the potential of agriculture income, develop economy, to guide the surplus non-agricultural industries and urban labor force to an orderly transfer, continue to improve existing agricultural subsidy policy, increased poverty alleviation and development efforts. must be pointed out that building a new socialist countryside is an arduous and long-term task, all localities should develop scientific planning, focusing on local conditions, strengthen guidance, and to proceed from reality, respect the wishes of farmers, to prevent formalism and coercion, and solid steady advance.
(b) promote the economic structural adjustment and economic growth mode. necessary to economic restructuring and transformation of the mode of economic growth as the major task of the overall situation. must focus on three aspects: First, take a new road to industrialization effectively speed up the upgrading of industrial structure. adhere to the information to promote industrialization, promote information. to develop high-tech industries and accelerate the development of advanced manufacturing and modern services, strengthening basic industries and infrastructure. Second, economies of scale, economies of scale. primarily through the role of the market and the necessary macro-guidance to further break the industry , region, ownership boundaries, and promote enterprise reform and restructuring, give full play to the role of existing enterprises, to avoid duplication of production and construction of low-level. Third, accelerate the construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly society. should as a basic national policy of saving resources, to develop economy, improve resource use efficiency, increase environmental management efforts, and effectively protect the natural ecology. It should be stressed that, as China's industrialization and urbanization progresses, the constraints of resources and the environment will increase, people on the production and living environment higher quality requirements. protecting natural resources and environment is difficult but must be effectively solved a major issue.
(c) promote balanced regional development. implementation of western development, the revitalization of old industrial bases in northeast China, development of the central region and encourage the eastern region to lead the development of central and western regions interact, complement, mutual promotion and common development, is building a moderately prosperous society and accelerating modernization to make the overall situation of the overall strategic plan. the reality of the region, according to their comparative advantages, strengthen the weak links, and promote coordinated development of the requirements of the development of clear guidance and the regional general idea. also focus on three aspects of the implementation of regional development strategies proposed approach. First sound area coordination and interaction mechanisms. including market mechanisms, cooperative mechanism for mutual assistance and support mechanisms. countries to continue the economic policies, capital investment and industrial development, and so increase the support of central and western regions, accelerate the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poverty region's economic and social development. Second, a clear functional positioning of different regions. According to the regional population, resources and environment carrying capacity and development potential, the implementation of optimized development, key development, restricted development, and prohibit development. Third, to promote healthy development of urbanization. adhere to the medium cities and small towns coordinated development, improve the overall carrying capacity of cities and towns. in accordance with the step by step, saving land, intensive development and rational distribution, and actively and steadily promote urbanization. pay attention to the combined effect of urban agglomeration.
(d ) enhance the capacity for independent innovation and accelerate education development. At present, human society is undergoing a global scientific and technological revolution. This gives countries have been rare opportunities for development, it also brings challenges. The most important is to improve the capability of independent innovation. Independent innovation is the technological level and the key to economic competitiveness, but also adjust the industrial structure, changing the growth mode of the central link. should enhance the ability of independent innovation as a national strategy, is committed to building an innovative country. we should vigorously develop key technologies with independent intellectual property rights and core technologies, efforts to improve the original innovation, integrated innovation and the introduction of absorption and innovation capacity.
enhance the independent innovation ability, we must focus on the following points: First, we should accelerate the establishment of the enterprise as the main body, market-oriented, a combination of research and technological innovation system. Second, technological innovation to improve the market environment, accelerate the development of venture capital, to strengthen technical advice, technology transfer and other intermediary services. Third, we must implement to support independent innovation, taxation, financial and government procurement policies, and improve incentives for innovation. IV to make good use of global scientific and technological resources, continue to introduce advanced foreign technology, and actively participate in international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation. Five to strengthen intellectual property protection, which is in need of special emphasis. protection of intellectual property rights to encourage innovation, optimize the environment for innovation is of great significance, but also helps to reduce intellectual property disputes with foreign countries. to establish a sound IPR protection system, increase enforcement of intellectual property protection.
enhance self innovation, we must implement in-depth strategy and this strategy. science and technology development, we must adhere to independent innovation, focusing on cross, supporting the development of guiding the future. departure from the strengthening of national innovation capacity to address the economic and social development of the major scientific technical issues, and enhance scientific and technological competitiveness. To insist on something, do certain things, concentrate on some key areas, key aspects of a breakthrough. to the economic and social development for the technical bottlenecks in energy, resources, environment, agriculture and information made significant progress in key areas. to focus on long-term, strengthen basic research and frontier technology research, and in some areas ahead of the deployment of cutting-edge high-tech strategy to cultivate new industries. to achieve development goals, we must continue to deepen the science and technology system, give full play to the kinds of scientific and technological resources potential. Basically, speed up scientific and technological development, promote the economic revitalization and social progress, depends on the improvement of the quality of workers and a large number of high-quality talents. continue to give priority to the development of education in a strategic position. To speed up the restructuring of education, efforts to extend and consolidate compulsory education, vigorously develop vocational education and improve the quality of higher education. to the full implementation of the quality of education, deepen the reform.
(e) deepen structural reforms and improve the level of opening up. Reform Opening up is the fate of China's major policy decisions .20 years, economic and social development of all the achievements are firmly push forward with economic reform and opening-up inseparable. to achieve the task of the new phase of development with Chinese characteristics continue to push forward the socialist cause, we must unswervingly deepen reform and opening. Because of China's reform is still in critical stage, to establish a sound socialist market economic system, but also very difficult to solve a lot of deep-seated problems; the same time, to improve the and growth patterns, and promote stable and rapid economic development and building a harmonious society, depend on deepening the reform. Therefore, we must push forward with greater determination to accelerate the reform of the global economic and social development a major breakthrough in reform. the level of the key. focus is to further transform government functions. Currently, many governments still control the management and control should not be a bad thing, and many things should be managed by the Government did not manage well, a number of responsibilities between departments unclear, backward management, efficiency is not high. Only by resolutely implementing separation of enterprise, the enterprise can truly become the main market, but also to a greater degree of market allocation of resources to play the basic role; the government can concentrate on the full implementation of economic adjustment, market supervision, social management and public service functions, and can establish an effective macro-control system and the system. To continue to promote the separation of enterprise management should not be firmly engaged in to enterprises, intermediary organizations and markets, while to the tube effectively manage things, and to adapt to new situations, more use of economic means and legal means to strengthen management. to further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval. continue to deepen reform of investment system, in particular, to establish a sound and rigorous implementation of the market access system, strengthening investment activities of the whole society guidance, regulation and supervision. We should deepen the reform of government institutions to optimize the government organizational structure, reduce the administrative level, straighten out the functions of the division of labor. speed up the construction of government by law, and comprehensively promote administration according to law, improve the scientific and democratic decision-making and administrative oversight mechanism. establish a sound education, system, Punishing and preventing corruption.
Second, uphold and improve the basic economic system. uphold the public ownership dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop. state-owned economy and structural adjustment, state-owned enterprise reform has made important progress, but still need to intensify our efforts and continue to advance. To speed up the reform of large state-owned enterprises into stock companies and improve the modern enterprise system. deepening the reform of monopoly industries, expand market access, diversification of investment and ownership. establish sound system and various types of state-owned assets supervision system. continue to deepen the reform of collective enterprises. At the same time, conscientiously implement the encouragement, support and guide non-public economic development principles and policies, non-public enterprises to create fair competition and healthy development of the legal environment, policy environment and market environment.
third, to promote financial and tax reform. from the promotion of economic restructuring, transformation of economic growth, improve the capability of independent innovation, energy conservation, resources, and promote comprehensive and coordinated development of the requirements, the deepening of the financial and tax system reform . reasonable definition of the powers at all levels of government, with powers to establish and improve the tax system to match. adjustment of fiscal expenditure structure, speed up the public finance system. improve the central and provincial government's fiscal transfer payment system, streamline the financial management system below the provincial level . improve the VAT system, to achieve value-added tax. and adjust the resource tax. unified tax system all types of enterprises. speed up the financial system, which is the overall situation of reform and development of important tasks, directly related to the economic stability and security. to continue to promote joint-stock reform of state-owned financial enterprises and deepening the reform of policy banks, steady development of small and medium sized financial enterprises of various ownership. In deepening the reform to promote the healthy development of capital markets. further improve the financial regulatory system, strengthen financial supervision to guard against and defuse financial risks . At present, China has entered a transition period after accession to the WTO, opening up facing a more complicated international environment. in the textile trade, intellectual property, energy resources, new contradictions and problems will continue to arise. must coordinate domestic development and foreign open, and constantly improve the level of opening. to implement the mutually beneficial and win-win strategy of opening up to not only meet our interests, and promote common development, as economic and trade relations with other countries dealing with the basic principles. First, accelerate the transformation of foreign trade growth mode, actively developing foreign trade, optimize export commodity structure, to achieve a basic balance between import and export. The second is to continue to actively and effectively utilize foreign investment, and strive to improve the quality of using foreign capital and strengthen the industry and region to foreign investors to invest in the boot. The third is to support qualified enterprises to going out, man and nature live in harmony requirements and accelerating the building of a harmonious society. In particular, to highlight the resolve of the people most concerned about employment, social security, poverty alleviation, education, health, environmental and security issues.
employment relationship between the people vital interests of the major issues, we have to face the outstanding long-term problems. coming period, the new growth of urban labor, urban re-employment of laid-off workers, rural surplus labor employment and so the pressure is great, quite prominent contradictions in employment. To adhere to the implementation of active employment policies, do everything possible to expand employment and reemployment.
improve the social security system, which is to maintain social justice, the coordination of social interests, an important aspect of building a harmonious society. To continue to improve the urban basic old-age, basic medical and unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance system, gradually raise the level of basic pension insurance, and enhance the ability of co-ordinating the swap. Meanwhile, we must seriously address the issue of social security of migrant workers, and expand the urban social security coverage. conditional place We should actively explore the establishment of rural minimum living standard security system. to efforts to increase financial input in social security, multi-channel financing of social security funds.
view of the current conflict existing in the field of income distribution more prominent, the problem. clearly put forward the gradual resolution of the income distribution gap is too wide principles and policies, stressed the need to pay more attention to social equity, and strive to improve low-income group, and gradually expand the proportion of middle-income, effectively regulate excessively high incomes, standardize the order of personal income distribution efforts to ease the region and some members of society between the growing disparities in income distribution.
education is the cornerstone of modern civilization. improve the quality, we must vigorously develop education. focus on strengthening compulsory education, especially in rural areas, strengthen the Government's obligations education, protection responsibilities. waive tuition and fees for rural students, students from poor families to provide free textbooks and boarding subsidies of life, serious problems of urban school children of low-income people's difficulties. increasing investment in education, the establishment of effective education funding system, the development of modern distance education, and promote coordinated development of education at all levels. to take further measures to firmly halt education 乱收费现象.
the development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries and enrich the cultural life of the people is an important task of building a harmonious society . to follow cultural undertakings and cultural industries to the characteristics of different policies. The government will increase investment in culture, and gradually form a more complete coverage of the whole society's public cultural service system. deepening of the cultural system, the formation of public ownership, the common development of various ownership patterns and development of cultural industries as the main national culture, absorb foreign culture, the culture market structure useful. should strive to create more and better meet the needs of the masses of excellent cultural products.
efforts to improve the health of the masses level. to increase government investment in health, improve public health and medical service system, improve disease prevention and control and medical aid service capabilities. deepening health system reform, straighten out drug production and circulation order. rational allocation of medical health resources establish a new rural cooperative medical care system, improve the urban community medical service system. to carefully study and gradually resolve the problem of medical treatment is difficult and expensive. active in the National Fitness Campaign.
protect the safety of life and property at stake, we must further do a good job safety and social security work. We need to improve production safety supervision system, strict security and law enforcement, strengthening safety in production facilities. Meanwhile, we must strengthen the food, medicine, food hygiene and other market regulators to ensure the health and safety of the people. to strengthen the comprehensive social security governance, continue to promote the Social Security Protection system, crack down on various illegal and criminal activities, maintain social stabilization, security of the people live and work.
spiritual civilization, strengthen national defense and army building, maintain the Hong Kong and Macao's prosperity and stability, promoting cross-strait relations and the reunification of the motherland and actively create a favorable external environment and other major issues, put forward specific requirements. Fourth, on the To grasp the overall situation into consideration, focused, with particular attention to deal with several major relationships.
First, correctly handle the relationship between domestic and external demand. based on expanding domestic demand, we must insist on a major long-term strategic approach. China is in the industrialization and urbanization are accelerating, people's income levels and consumption structure of development, high domestic savings rate, which determines the need may also rely mainly on domestic demand-driven development. it is necessary to continue to expand investment demand, and maintain fixed asset investment at a reasonable scale and pace, but also to focus on expanding consumer demand, consumption further play the role of economic growth. Meanwhile, we must continue to expand the international market, the expansion of foreign demand. should expand domestic demand and a reasonable Using a good combination of foreign demand, and promote stable and rapid economic growth.
second is to correctly handle the market mechanism and macro regulation. in the socialist market economic system has taken shape under the circumstances, we must consciously act according to rules of market economy things, greater market in the allocation of resources to play the basic role in order to promote economic and social vitality, optimal resource allocation, increase economic efficiency and effectiveness. At the same time, we must strengthen and improve macro-control, to guide and ensure the stable and healthy economic operation . Every country has macroeconomic regulation and control, China has over 1.3 billion is a country with a population, but also in a period of rapid changes in economy and society, to exercise effective macroeconomic regulation and control is particularly important. to improve and perfect macro-control system, and improve macroeconomic regulation and control method to better meet the needs of the new situation of reform and opening.
Third, correctly handle the relationship between central and local. our country great, the different local conditions, development is very uneven. give full play to the central and local initiative, our party has always very important issue. central in the formulation of policies, we should consider the overall interests and long-term development, we must take care of the characteristics and interests of different regions, different treatment. places to give full play to their initiative and creativity, according to local conditions well, but must maintain and submit to the unified leadership of the central and consciously the overall situation, which is implementing the national
Politburo Standing Committee and the Central Political Bureau meeting on the also widely consulted various regions and departments Party (Party), the old party comrades and Shiliu Da representatives, listened to the democratic parties, the National Federation responsible person, without party affiliation and views of experts and scholars. formation process is to fully carry forward the democratic process, the better to focus on the wisdom of all sides. The , draws held next spring, the Tenth National People's Congress approved at its fourth meeting, promulgated and implemented. Now, I commissioned by the Central Political Bureau, on period of great achievements in economic and social development; for the future, we stand at a new historical starting point. The judge is in line with the actual situation. the new century, the first five years, the historical process in our country is an extraordinary period, is future, the times of five years. out of the last century of the Asian financial crisis, the severe impact of SARS outbreak and to successfully overcome the challenges of natural disasters, strengthen and improve macro-control, effectively control the economy is not running stability of unhealthy factors in economic and social maintained a good momentum of development. According to National Bureau of Statistics preliminary estimates of gross domestic product in 2005 will exceed 15 trillion yuan, five-year average growth of 8.8%; revenue will reach about 3 trillion yuan, of 1.3395 trillion yuan in 2000 increased by 1.3 times. economic restructuring made important progress in agriculture, especially grain production, an important turn, energy, transportation, raw materials and other basic industries and infrastructure development was accelerated, high-tech industries have been more great development. deepening of reform, especially in some important areas and key links with a major breakthrough in structural reform, gradually improve the socialist market economic system. opening up further. foreign trade on a big stage, is expected to import and export in 2005 will total more than 1.38 trillion U.S. dollars, compared with 474.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2000 increased by 1.9 times. is expected to total five-year 270 billion U.S. dollars foreign capital. urban and rural residents have a more substantial increase in income, life improved. all social undertakings made new progress. socialist democracy and spiritual civilization achieved significant results. five years, China's economic strength, overall national strength and international status improved significantly. is especially important that our party's understanding of the laws of economic and social development of a new leap, put forward people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific development concept and building a socialist harmonious society, a major ideas, which for comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society and the modernization of overall and long-term guidance.
and domestic and international situation. the coming period, the international environment as a whole in our favor. peace, development and cooperation have become the trend of the times. deepening economic globalization and science and technology are advancing rapidly. This has helped us to focus on accelerating the development of their own, better use of domestic and foreign markets and resources. China has a lot of favorable conditions. We have more than 1.3 billion people growing domestic market demand, there is a rich and continuously improve the overall quality of labor resources, with significant improvement in infrastructure and technology educational base, a stable social and political environment, as well as in practice, accumulated rich experience. take full advantage of favorable conditions at home and abroad, the next five years we can accomplish a great deal.
the same time, we must clearly see, we are faced with many outstanding issues and challenges. international environmental uncertainties and destabilizing factors in the increase in international oil prices remain high, more intense international competition, trade protectionism tends to strengthen. China is now still in the primary stage of socialism will be long, productive forces developed, uneven regional development, urban and rural areas; independent innovation capability is not strong, irrational economic structure and extensive mode of growth has not fundamentally changed, resources, environment and employment pressures; contradiction in the income distribution, affecting the vital interests of the many issues that must be resolved; especially the economic and social development of institutional mechanisms is also more. We must be vigilant in peace, establish a sense of urgency, a high degree of attention to these contradictions and problems, do a good job to overcome the difficulties and fully prepared to cope with risks.
In short, we must strengthen the sense of historical responsibility and the times of urgency, to continue to seize and strategic opportunity to redouble their efforts to do a good job, meet new challenges, new tasks so that the development of our country in a new starting point to continue to the grand goal of modernization, and gradually achieve national prosperity and people's lives richer. This gives us an important history and glorious mission.
Second, on the do a good job developing the party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating, persist in taking economic construction, stick with the development and reform methods to solve the problem. development must be the scientific development should be people-oriented, change the concept of development, innovation and development model improve the quality of development, implementation of the times, it is guiding the socialist modernization drive a major development. development and implementation of the . To this end, the the need to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, must be building a harmonious society, must continue to deepen reform and opening up. This comprehensive, dialectical understanding of and deep understanding.
to maintain stable and rapid economic development is important to always take a good principle. in real terms in the scientific development concept is to achieve faster and better development. solve all problems is the key to development. To meet the growing material and cultural needs, ease employment pressure and handle various social contradictions, there is no sustained and rapid economic development is impossible. We must make full use of favorable conditions to promote development. Meanwhile, the development must be the development of science, to improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth, focusing on resource conservation and environmental protection. If we ignore the quality of growth and efficiency, at the waste of resources and damage to the environment, one-sided pursuit of momentary speed, blind expansion of fixed assets investment scale of this economic development is not sustainable and will inevitably lead to major fluctuations. We must correctly grasp the trend of economic development changes in a timely manner and take effective measures to properly address may prevent the stable and rapid economic development issues. < br> to speed up economic restructuring is to firmly grasp the main line. irrational economic structure, China's current outstanding problems in economic development. low level of industrial structure, urban and rural, regional development, lack of coordination, imbalance between investment and consumption, This is the economy's overall quality and efficiency is not high, economic and social development, there are many contradictions in the important reasons. efforts to solve the economic structure in order to continue to expand domestic demand, increase effective supply, promotion of employment, significantly improve the quality of economic growth and efficiency, and promote urban and rural areas , coordinated regional development. To insist on promoting the strategic adjustment of economic structure, the adjustment of economic structure, to achieve rapid development.
strong economic growth mode transformation, is to truly grasp the key issues. a long time, China's economic development over rely on expanding the investment scale and increased material inputs, such extensive economic growth mode, with the resources and the environment become increasingly acute contradictions can no longer continue. must be a fundamental transformation of economic growth, which should have a strong The sense of urgency. from the promotion of science and technology, deepen reform, strengthen scientific management, to take more effective measures, focus on improving the efficiency of resource use, reduce material consumption, protecting the environment, adhere to the conservation development, clean development, security, development, implementation sustainable development.
improve living standards of people across the country, is to adhere to the fundamental purpose of achieving. the people first and governing for the people, is the essential requirement of the party's purpose. We must always put people's interests first, the economic development and improving people's lives as the starting point and destination. from the most fundamental interests of the people and development, engage in development, ensuring the people's economic, political, and cultural rights. With economic development and increase social wealth, to keep increase the incomes of residents, expand consumption and optimize the consumption structure, improve the consumption level and quality of life of the people involved in efforts to solve outstanding problems vital interests, so that all people share the fruits of reform and development, to lead a comfortable life more comfortable.
In a comprehensive analysis based on various factors, democracy and legal system and so on. There are two important objectives for the main point to note. First proposed in optimizing structure, improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption, based on the 2010 per capita GDP double that of 2000, more than the central proposed years ago to double gross domestic product of some more demanding. This is a comprehensive account of The. Second is the building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and sustainable development. In recent years China's energy consumption growth rate was faster than economic growth, all aspects of energy conservation and improve energy efficiency and great potential, through the efforts of this a goal is achievable.
Third, on the several issues.
(a) building a new socialist countryside. a major historic task of new rural areas, mainly to consider: on the one hand, to achieve the difficult goal of building a well-off and key in the countryside, building a new socialist countryside, reflect the requirements of comprehensive development of rural areas, but also to consolidate and strengthen agriculture as the foundation of the comprehensive building a moderately prosperous society in an important measure. On the other hand, rural development and reform in China has entered a new phase, we must follow the requirements of urban and rural development, and implement industry nurturing agriculture and cities support the countryside and rural development to increase the parties to the face support, so as to quickly change the backwardness of rural areas.
goal of building a socialist new countryside and requirements can be summarized as: the development of production, affluent life, civilization, clean and tidy villages and democratic management. this twenty words, rich content, the implication is profound, gives full expression to the new situation of rural economic, political, cultural and social development. building a new socialist countryside should focus on the following key aspects: first, to promote modern agriculture. accelerate agricultural scientific and technological progress, adjust the structure of agricultural production, strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction, improve the overall agricultural production capacity. The second is to deepen rural tax reform as the key to a comprehensive reform. accelerate the rural institutions, rural compulsory education, county and township fiscal system, rural finance and land requisition system and other aspects of reform. Third, vigorously develop rural public utilities. accelerate the development of rural culture and education, focusing on rural areas to extend and consolidate compulsory education, strengthen rural public health and basic medical service system, promote rural spirit civilization and a harmonious society, significant improvement in rural production and living conditions and overall appearance. Fourth, do everything possible to increase farmers income. to adopt comprehensive measures, to open up channels for peasants to increase income, and tap the potential of agriculture income, develop economy, to guide the surplus non-agricultural industries and urban labor force to an orderly transfer, continue to improve existing agricultural subsidy policy, increased poverty alleviation and development efforts. must be pointed out that building a new socialist countryside is an arduous and long-term task, all localities should develop scientific planning, focusing on local conditions, strengthen guidance, and to proceed from reality, respect the wishes of farmers, to prevent formalism and coercion, and solid steady advance.
(b) promote the economic structural adjustment and economic growth mode. necessary to economic restructuring and transformation of the mode of economic growth as the major task of the overall situation. must focus on three aspects: First, take a new road to industrialization effectively speed up the upgrading of industrial structure. adhere to the information to promote industrialization, promote information. to develop high-tech industries and accelerate the development of advanced manufacturing and modern services, strengthening basic industries and infrastructure. Second, economies of scale, economies of scale. primarily through the role of the market and the necessary macro-guidance to further break the industry , region, ownership boundaries, and promote enterprise reform and restructuring, give full play to the role of existing enterprises, to avoid duplication of production and construction of low-level. Third, accelerate the construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly society. should as a basic national policy of saving resources, to develop economy, improve resource use efficiency, increase environmental management efforts, and effectively protect the natural ecology. It should be stressed that, as China's industrialization and urbanization progresses, the constraints of resources and the environment will increase, people on the production and living environment higher quality requirements. protecting natural resources and environment is difficult but must be effectively solved a major issue.
(c) promote balanced regional development. implementation of western development, the revitalization of old industrial bases in northeast China, development of the central region and encourage the eastern region to lead the development of central and western regions interact, complement, mutual promotion and common development, is building a moderately prosperous society and accelerating modernization to make the overall situation of the overall strategic plan. the reality of the region, according to their comparative advantages, strengthen the weak links, and promote coordinated development of the requirements of the development of clear guidance and the regional general idea. also focus on three aspects of the implementation of regional development strategies proposed approach. First sound area coordination and interaction mechanisms. including market mechanisms, cooperative mechanism for mutual assistance and support mechanisms. countries to continue the economic policies, capital investment and industrial development, and so increase the support of central and western regions, accelerate the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poverty region's economic and social development. Second, a clear functional positioning of different regions. According to the regional population, resources and environment carrying capacity and development potential, the implementation of optimized development, key development, restricted development, and prohibit development. Third, to promote healthy development of urbanization. adhere to the medium cities and small towns coordinated development, improve the overall carrying capacity of cities and towns. in accordance with the step by step, saving land, intensive development and rational distribution, and actively and steadily promote urbanization. pay attention to the combined effect of urban agglomeration.
(d ) enhance the capacity for independent innovation and accelerate education development. At present, human society is undergoing a global scientific and technological revolution. This gives countries have been rare opportunities for development, it also brings challenges. The most important is to improve the capability of independent innovation. Independent innovation is the technological level and the key to economic competitiveness, but also adjust the industrial structure, changing the growth mode of the central link. should enhance the ability of independent innovation as a national strategy, is committed to building an innovative country. we should vigorously develop key technologies with independent intellectual property rights and core technologies, efforts to improve the original innovation, integrated innovation and the introduction of absorption and innovation capacity.
enhance the independent innovation ability, we must focus on the following points: First, we should accelerate the establishment of the enterprise as the main body, market-oriented, a combination of research and technological innovation system. Second, technological innovation to improve the market environment, accelerate the development of venture capital, to strengthen technical advice, technology transfer and other intermediary services. Third, we must implement to support independent innovation, taxation, financial and government procurement policies, and improve incentives for innovation. IV to make good use of global scientific and technological resources, continue to introduce advanced foreign technology, and actively participate in international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation. Five to strengthen intellectual property protection, which is in need of special emphasis. protection of intellectual property rights to encourage innovation, optimize the environment for innovation is of great significance, but also helps to reduce intellectual property disputes with foreign countries. to establish a sound IPR protection system, increase enforcement of intellectual property protection.
enhance self innovation, we must implement in-depth strategy and this strategy. science and technology development, we must adhere to independent innovation, focusing on cross, supporting the development of guiding the future. departure from the strengthening of national innovation capacity to address the economic and social development of the major scientific technical issues, and enhance scientific and technological competitiveness. To insist on something, do certain things, concentrate on some key areas, key aspects of a breakthrough. to the economic and social development for the technical bottlenecks in energy, resources, environment, agriculture and information made significant progress in key areas. to focus on long-term, strengthen basic research and frontier technology research, and in some areas ahead of the deployment of cutting-edge high-tech strategy to cultivate new industries. to achieve development goals, we must continue to deepen the science and technology system, give full play to the kinds of scientific and technological resources potential. Basically, speed up scientific and technological development, promote the economic revitalization and social progress, depends on the improvement of the quality of workers and a large number of high-quality talents. continue to give priority to the development of education in a strategic position. To speed up the restructuring of education, efforts to extend and consolidate compulsory education, vigorously develop vocational education and improve the quality of higher education. to the full implementation of the quality of education, deepen the reform.
(e) deepen structural reforms and improve the level of opening up. Reform Opening up is the fate of China's major policy decisions .20 years, economic and social development of all the achievements are firmly push forward with economic reform and opening-up inseparable. to achieve the task of the new phase of development with Chinese characteristics continue to push forward the socialist cause, we must unswervingly deepen reform and opening. Because of China's reform is still in critical stage, to establish a sound socialist market economic system, but also very difficult to solve a lot of deep-seated problems; the same time, to improve the and growth patterns, and promote stable and rapid economic development and building a harmonious society, depend on deepening the reform. Therefore, we must push forward with greater determination to accelerate the reform of the global economic and social development a major breakthrough in reform. the level of the key. focus is to further transform government functions. Currently, many governments still control the management and control should not be a bad thing, and many things should be managed by the Government did not manage well, a number of responsibilities between departments unclear, backward management, efficiency is not high. Only by resolutely implementing separation of enterprise, the enterprise can truly become the main market, but also to a greater degree of market allocation of resources to play the basic role; the government can concentrate on the full implementation of economic adjustment, market supervision, social management and public service functions, and can establish an effective macro-control system and the system. To continue to promote the separation of enterprise management should not be firmly engaged in to enterprises, intermediary organizations and markets, while to the tube effectively manage things, and to adapt to new situations, more use of economic means and legal means to strengthen management. to further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval. continue to deepen reform of investment system, in particular, to establish a sound and rigorous implementation of the market access system, strengthening investment activities of the whole society guidance, regulation and supervision. We should deepen the reform of government institutions to optimize the government organizational structure, reduce the administrative level, straighten out the functions of the division of labor. speed up the construction of government by law, and comprehensively promote administration according to law, improve the scientific and democratic decision-making and administrative oversight mechanism. establish a sound education, system, Punishing and preventing corruption.
Second, uphold and improve the basic economic system. uphold the public ownership dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop. state-owned economy and structural adjustment, state-owned enterprise reform has made important progress, but still need to intensify our efforts and continue to advance. To speed up the reform of large state-owned enterprises into stock companies and improve the modern enterprise system. deepening the reform of monopoly industries, expand market access, diversification of investment and ownership. establish sound system and various types of state-owned assets supervision system. continue to deepen the reform of collective enterprises. At the same time, conscientiously implement the encouragement, support and guide non-public economic development principles and policies, non-public enterprises to create fair competition and healthy development of the legal environment, policy environment and market environment.
third, to promote financial and tax reform. from the promotion of economic restructuring, transformation of economic growth, improve the capability of independent innovation, energy conservation, resources, and promote comprehensive and coordinated development of the requirements, the deepening of the financial and tax system reform . reasonable definition of the powers at all levels of government, with powers to establish and improve the tax system to match. adjustment of fiscal expenditure structure, speed up the public finance system. improve the central and provincial government's fiscal transfer payment system, streamline the financial management system below the provincial level . improve the VAT system, to achieve value-added tax. and adjust the resource tax. unified tax system all types of enterprises. speed up the financial system, which is the overall situation of reform and development of important tasks, directly related to the economic stability and security. to continue to promote joint-stock reform of state-owned financial enterprises and deepening the reform of policy banks, steady development of small and medium sized financial enterprises of various ownership. In deepening the reform to promote the healthy development of capital markets. further improve the financial regulatory system, strengthen financial supervision to guard against and defuse financial risks . At present, China has entered a transition period after accession to the WTO, opening up facing a more complicated international environment. in the textile trade, intellectual property, energy resources, new contradictions and problems will continue to arise. must coordinate domestic development and foreign open, and constantly improve the level of opening. to implement the mutually beneficial and win-win strategy of opening up to not only meet our interests, and promote common development, as economic and trade relations with other countries dealing with the basic principles. First, accelerate the transformation of foreign trade growth mode, actively developing foreign trade, optimize export commodity structure, to achieve a basic balance between import and export. The second is to continue to actively and effectively utilize foreign investment, and strive to improve the quality of using foreign capital and strengthen the industry and region to foreign investors to invest in the boot. The third is to support qualified enterprises to going out, man and nature live in harmony requirements and accelerating the building of a harmonious society. In particular, to highlight the resolve of the people most concerned about employment, social security, poverty alleviation, education, health, environmental and security issues.
employment relationship between the people vital interests of the major issues, we have to face the outstanding long-term problems. coming period, the new growth of urban labor, urban re-employment of laid-off workers, rural surplus labor employment and so the pressure is great, quite prominent contradictions in employment. To adhere to the implementation of active employment policies, do everything possible to expand employment and reemployment.
improve the social security system, which is to maintain social justice, the coordination of social interests, an important aspect of building a harmonious society. To continue to improve the urban basic old-age, basic medical and unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance system, gradually raise the level of basic pension insurance, and enhance the ability of co-ordinating the swap. Meanwhile, we must seriously address the issue of social security of migrant workers, and expand the urban social security coverage. conditional place We should actively explore the establishment of rural minimum living standard security system. to efforts to increase financial input in social security, multi-channel financing of social security funds.
view of the current conflict existing in the field of income distribution more prominent, the problem. clearly put forward the gradual resolution of the income distribution gap is too wide principles and policies, stressed the need to pay more attention to social equity, and strive to improve low-income group, and gradually expand the proportion of middle-income, effectively regulate excessively high incomes, standardize the order of personal income distribution efforts to ease the region and some members of society between the growing disparities in income distribution.
education is the cornerstone of modern civilization. improve the quality, we must vigorously develop education. focus on strengthening compulsory education, especially in rural areas, strengthen the Government's obligations education, protection responsibilities. waive tuition and fees for rural students, students from poor families to provide free textbooks and boarding subsidies of life, serious problems of urban school children of low-income people's difficulties. increasing investment in education, the establishment of effective education funding system, the development of modern distance education, and promote coordinated development of education at all levels. to take further measures to firmly halt education 乱收费现象.
the development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries and enrich the cultural life of the people is an important task of building a harmonious society . to follow cultural undertakings and cultural industries to the characteristics of different policies. The government will increase investment in culture, and gradually form a more complete coverage of the whole society's public cultural service system. deepening of the cultural system, the formation of public ownership, the common development of various ownership patterns and development of cultural industries as the main national culture, absorb foreign culture, the culture market structure useful. should strive to create more and better meet the needs of the masses of excellent cultural products.
efforts to improve the health of the masses level. to increase government investment in health, improve public health and medical service system, improve disease prevention and control and medical aid service capabilities. deepening health system reform, straighten out drug production and circulation order. rational allocation of medical health resources establish a new rural cooperative medical care system, improve the urban community medical service system. to carefully study and gradually resolve the problem of medical treatment is difficult and expensive. active in the National Fitness Campaign.
protect the safety of life and property at stake, we must further do a good job safety and social security work. We need to improve production safety supervision system, strict security and law enforcement, strengthening safety in production facilities. Meanwhile, we must strengthen the food, medicine, food hygiene and other market regulators to ensure the health and safety of the people. to strengthen the comprehensive social security governance, continue to promote the Social Security Protection system, crack down on various illegal and criminal activities, maintain social stabilization, security of the people live and work.
spiritual civilization, strengthen national defense and army building, maintain the Hong Kong and Macao's prosperity and stability, promoting cross-strait relations and the reunification of the motherland and actively create a favorable external environment and other major issues, put forward specific requirements. Fourth, on the To grasp the overall situation into consideration, focused, with particular attention to deal with several major relationships.
First, correctly handle the relationship between domestic and external demand. based on expanding domestic demand, we must insist on a major long-term strategic approach. China is in the industrialization and urbanization are accelerating, people's income levels and consumption structure of development, high domestic savings rate, which determines the need may also rely mainly on domestic demand-driven development. it is necessary to continue to expand investment demand, and maintain fixed asset investment at a reasonable scale and pace, but also to focus on expanding consumer demand, consumption further play the role of economic growth. Meanwhile, we must continue to expand the international market, the expansion of foreign demand. should expand domestic demand and a reasonable Using a good combination of foreign demand, and promote stable and rapid economic growth.
second is to correctly handle the market mechanism and macro regulation. in the socialist market economic system has taken shape under the circumstances, we must consciously act according to rules of market economy things, greater market in the allocation of resources to play the basic role in order to promote economic and social vitality, optimal resource allocation, increase economic efficiency and effectiveness. At the same time, we must strengthen and improve macro-control, to guide and ensure the stable and healthy economic operation . Every country has macroeconomic regulation and control, China has over 1.3 billion is a country with a population, but also in a period of rapid changes in economy and society, to exercise effective macroeconomic regulation and control is particularly important. to improve and perfect macro-control system, and improve macroeconomic regulation and control method to better meet the needs of the new situation of reform and opening.
Third, correctly handle the relationship between central and local. our country great, the different local conditions, development is very uneven. give full play to the central and local initiative, our party has always very important issue. central in the formulation of policies, we should consider the overall interests and long-term development, we must take care of the characteristics and interests of different regions, different treatment. places to give full play to their initiative and creativity, according to local conditions well, but must maintain and submit to the unified leadership of the central and consciously the overall situation, which is implementing the national
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
We need to have their financial referees
We need to have their financial credit rating referee
mm about the impact on the financial
sovereign credit rating of the main function is the collection of information through the integration of risk to be measured, thus reducing the problem of asymmetric information market its effect on the flow of funds have a guidance role. Therefore, in the West, the credit rating agencies have a market , and its development has been a hundred years of history, it is precisely because of its profound understanding of the status of credit ratings in recent years has increased the credit rating market penetration in China, our market share in the third world is with the other. At present, the development of the credit rating market is still in its infancy, the market performance of small, non-standard rating criteria, personnel shortages and technology is relatively backward in the face of the challenges of foreign rating agencies, some powerless. As Therefore, the development of their own ideas are bound with a country's financial sovereignty will have a major impact. in our credit rating market is gradually controlled by the same time, China's financial sovereignty, the challenges are increasingly being clearly apparent. if he did not be concerned , without our financial referee, that our financial strength will be a great challenge.
a credit rating related to our financial sovereignty
Overall, the credit rating major impact on the financial performance of sovereignty the following aspects:
1. dominance of the domestic financial market pricing
the effectiveness of the financial markets, capital allocation efficiency or not mainly, the main dependent on the speed of information transmission and authenticity. in the real financial environment, information asymmetries are widespread in any case, the credit rating agencies to resolve information asymmetry is an intermediary body, the body of information on the market to collect and evaluate, given the main credit rating is a synthesis of the information on the market reflected as a financial referee, the play is essentially an indirect function of market resources allocation. corporate financing costs, investment decisions of investors and so the measure of risk can not be separated, but the real credit rating and the rating is based on the credibility of its own technology for the enterprise as collateral, to reduce investment risk, to meet the needs of corporate finance, to provide investors with investment direction, the end result is that companies with high credit ratings lower the cost of obtaining financing, financing more easily, whereas the more credit rating low, higher financing costs will ultimately affect the value of bonds and stocks to determine the prices of financial products. For example, China's commercial banks, the introduction of strategic investors, the intention is to improve the bank's internal corporate governance structure, but due to the credit rating is was deliberately kept low to improve the financing costs, part of the IPO had a big let foreign institutions watermelon. Meanwhile, the credit rating not only for corporate finance services, but also for enterprise risk management based on reality. Finance The role of the market is that the horizontal spread risk, credit risk rating is the standard instructions, standard error will increase the risk to the U.S. These actions extend to the macro, that is, the pricing of financial products, credit rating by the price level is equivalent to the division of financial products. a country for their own lack of initiative in the pricing of financial products, not only is not conducive to the development of their own market players, misjudged the credit ratings that led to underestimate or overestimate the value of any loss suffered thereby constraining the space for survival and development, more important point is not conducive to the healthy growth of domestic financial markets, and bring the low efficiency of information transmission is the market deformity caused by the mismatch of resources for the development of the national economy has a greater negative impact. Therefore, the credit rating of the dominance of the domestic financial market is not just commercial banks in China caused by the loss of undervalued , while the pricing initiative brought about by the loss of the weak foundation of the financial system needs more attention. to make a simple analogy is that no matter how good you are playing football, the referee injustice, your fighting will be greatly reduced.
2.
the independence of national regulators in China's financial regulators draw current credit rating information for decision-making is still very small, but that does not mean that the credit rating on China's financial regulation does not have an impact. a developed market economy is the need to meet the changing market environment, which will need to monitor the development of the market norms and track time. China's financial market development is not yet perfect, the more single-level, relying on self-regulatory bodies are still able to meet the needs of the market. But with the continuing reform of China's financial markets, the gradual establishment of the financial system, the need for financial market risks inherent in the supervision and timely disclosure of information, simply relying on the ability of regulatory agencies themselves is very difficult to completely standardize the market behavior . Therefore, the regulatory body will naturally seek more or less information to the credit rating of the market subject to regulation. At the same time, there are many rules and regulations are the result of relying on credit ratings to be determined, such as money market funds may not invest in AAA Grade The following corporate bonds, and credit rating is again given the credit rating agencies, which further affects its regulatory decision-making. an independent regulator is one of country's financial sovereignty, and in view of a country's credit rating the impact of regulatory decisions, the credit rating by foreign agencies, under the influence, effectiveness and independence of financial supervision will be constrained by foreign.
3. related to the stability of financial markets and national economic security
If that the financial market is a barometer of a country, then the credit rating market, a barometer can be called only on the scale. scale the size of the well-being reflects the degree of financial market. The higher a country's sovereign credit rating, indicating that the country's economic development prospects for the better, to attract more capital inflows. The lower the credit rating of .97 will result in capital outflows during the Asian financial crisis to some extent, the credit rating agencies is the the right to speak because credit rating credit rating agencies lies in the hands of the United States, its credit rating after the sudden reduction of further deterioration of the crisis situation, leading to large capital outflows, making the crisis in the country's entire financial system has suffered a huge impact. recent Greek crisis gave us a good inspiration, Goldman Sachs makes the use of credit rating agencies reduced the power of the Greek sovereign risk rating, the financial crisis deepened in Greece to improve the hands of the credit default swap products, prices, access to more lucrative return. These are all details of the credit rating agencies in the absence of an objective assessment of financial stability when the scale of the negative impact. Even if the U.S. credit rating agency will compare the initial objective of a country's sovereign credit rating to rating, in fact, it also had to follow certain rules of the game, even if it is not fully complied with, but the most important is not the initial credit rating agencies to give high and low level, but little sign of trouble when a country's economy, its too early lower credit rating, or a country's economy has entered a crisis stage and the lower the credit rating too late, this is the rating agencies on a country's financial deterioration of the environment play a role in fueling the primary means. The result is caused by the mass panic lead to irrational capital flows, the market is not conducive to the stable development of a country. So, in the hands of the credit rating of the initiative remains with the ideology of the hands of its country rating, the stability of financial markets itself as a potential development instability.
4. on the Internationalization of China's economic future challenges
continuous development and growth necessarily requires the support of an international currency, can be said that the internationalization of RMB is a trend in the future. But , requires a high degree of internationalization of the RMB and open financial markets and floating exchange rate system. In the floating exchange rate regime, the RMB exchange rate depends on the level of prices the market supply and demand, which supply mainly depends on the game and the market environment of a country good or bad and that is the main micro-companies can bring our rate of return, as mentioned above, that is, a country's financial market stability and financial products or prices. credit rating in the case of two natural can the movement of the RMB exchange rate plays a leading role, making the price of the RMB in the future in a more passive position. At the same time as the hard currency to the yuan needs to maintain currency stability, foreign rating agencies by the constraints in the case of , in order to maintain currency stability, and reduce the impact of external price of money will increase the difficulty of adjusting monetary policy.
visible, not just an ordinary credit rating agencies, which occupy the commanding heights of the financial markets. China From a strategic point of view should be to examine the credit rating of the current market conditions, due to take appropriate measures to cultivate our own financial referee, to maintain financial independence and full sovereignty.
Second, to our credit rating market development proposals
1. to solve the credit rating of the market needs of
to prevent foreign control of credit rating agencies, credit rating market is of key domestic credit rating companies grow and develop. In addition to cultivating their own credit rating conducive to the maintenance of financial sovereignty, Another point is that the domestic credit rating agencies to better understand the domestic situation, China can be a more realistic reflection of the risk. of course, learn from foreign experience, such as Japan, India, Korea, Russia, through the development of related laws and regulations on foreign rating companies to restrict access and dual rating, so as to protect their credit rating companies, these measures are necessary and important, but we also need more attention to China's financial market construction. to go out of our enterprises and the internationalization of the RMB will need world-class domestic rating agencies to maintain reasonable interest, confined to their own, relying on national authorities to protect the credit rating market is imperfect, our credit rating institutions into the international market is difficult.
current lack of demand in China is to limit the credit rating credit rating of the main factors for market development, credit rating agencies to the lack of innovative power, the lack of competitiveness. The bond market is the credit rating market development based on the development of Moody's first came from the bond rating of the railway. but our situation is, corporate bonds, short-term financing instruments, policy bonds, medium-term notes, etc. by the various agencies in charge of one hand over administrative control strong credit rating is difficult to effectively play the role of the other long to bring the standards of regulatory inconsistencies make it difficult for the credit rating is not conducive to the norms and consistent rating standards, and supervision of enterprises due to the long bond's poor distribution channels, credit rating would also adversely affect the development. In addition, interest rates have not yet fully market-oriented development also makes it difficult bond market into full play, the credit rating is not naturally a free hand. Therefore, to enhance the competitiveness of our rating agencies First, bond markets need to expand the pie, on the one hand unified supervision, on the other hand the control of credit markets gradually open up to further promote the marketization of interest rates, which can expand the effective demand for credit rating, credit rating agencies to ensure that our has a good environment for the growth. Second, from the current actual situation, the domestic rating agencies to give appropriate policy support, dual rating, that credit rating requires at least two rating agencies, while domestic companies control at least one rating agency, after a good choice. One is still in the infant helps to protect the rating of the industry. Second, the dispute will reduce the economic, but also to enhance our sense of competition in the credit rating agencies. In addition, cultivate a good market players credit character is one of the conditions of expanding demand.
short, only the development of financial markets made considerable progress in our country's credit rating can make a real competitive, so to better serve the country's financial economy development.
2. deal with regulation and the relationship between credit rating credit rating
role in the financial markets to solve the information asymmetry, but only a real and effective ratings can reflect the status of market players. times credit crisis can be said to be a credit crisis, credit rating agencies in the outbreak of the crisis played an integral role, precisely because of its financial derivatives are not full of risk assessment, resulting in flooding of the market information for the outbreak of the crisis potential problems. Thus, the credit rating agencies, information is not very effective. China's current credit ratings market, although in its infancy, but the most favorable factor is that China can more effectively shape the credit rating system. the sub-prime crisis, the U.S. and Europe have said that to strengthen supervision of credit rating and take the related actions, the reason is that credit ratings have been running throughout the financial markets play a regulatory role of the information base, many American regulatory regulatory agencies have adopted the commercial credit rating agencies provide credit ratings, making it largely relies on its to regulate, so that increased market risk. developed market economy requires self-discipline of the market itself , the regulatory body to draw on the results of the credit rating is also necessary to solve market failures, but it does not mean credit rating is to monitor their own part of the content should be regulated. Just as the referee referees themselves need to follow the rules, we can not that refereeing decisions, and we completely as a basis for the neglect of the authenticity of the results. In addition, to improve the existing regulatory regime for credit rating, unified supervision, to reduce regulatory overlap and improve the efficiency of supervision on the one hand to promote the domestic credit rating market development, it also can reduce market risk.
3. the development of national standards and to enhance the credit rating credit rating credit rating process understanding
Although with a certain mathematical model, but still can not get rid of the subjective factors impact. and the inconsistency of foreign and domestic environment, different indicators of credit rating, the rating results will be different, investors, credit rating and can not read the specific information to compare the results of the various rating agencies. so the development of a certain rating criteria and norms are necessary, this can be more effective transmission of market information, the real play of the warning, the market itself help to reduce the credit rating impact of the financial markets and maintain financial market stability. Meanwhile, the development of our country ; game rules a clear understanding of our financial sovereignty is otherwise difficult to effectively maintain.
In short, the credit rating of a country's financial system has played an irreplaceable role. perfect financial markets, economic development requires a stable financial system , business development and strategic needs of China are also inseparable from the support of the internationalization of the RMB. can be seen, some on their role as a financial referee, the lack of impartiality of the judge, do not have the credit rating of the right to speak, China's financial market system is support of national credit rating agencies, and more need to constantly improve the financial system. in our underdeveloped financial market circumstances, the credit ratings market to coordinate with development, can be neglected, but also clear the role of credit rating market, and ultimately improve the competitiveness rating industry to maintain a reasonable credit rating of China, to ensure the independence of financial sovereignty.
mm about the impact on the financial
sovereign credit rating of the main function is the collection of information through the integration of risk to be measured, thus reducing the problem of asymmetric information market its effect on the flow of funds have a guidance role. Therefore, in the West, the credit rating agencies have a market , and its development has been a hundred years of history, it is precisely because of its profound understanding of the status of credit ratings in recent years has increased the credit rating market penetration in China, our market share in the third world is with the other. At present, the development of the credit rating market is still in its infancy, the market performance of small, non-standard rating criteria, personnel shortages and technology is relatively backward in the face of the challenges of foreign rating agencies, some powerless. As Therefore, the development of their own ideas are bound with a country's financial sovereignty will have a major impact. in our credit rating market is gradually controlled by the same time, China's financial sovereignty, the challenges are increasingly being clearly apparent. if he did not be concerned , without our financial referee, that our financial strength will be a great challenge.
a credit rating related to our financial sovereignty
Overall, the credit rating major impact on the financial performance of sovereignty the following aspects:
1. dominance of the domestic financial market pricing
the effectiveness of the financial markets, capital allocation efficiency or not mainly, the main dependent on the speed of information transmission and authenticity. in the real financial environment, information asymmetries are widespread in any case, the credit rating agencies to resolve information asymmetry is an intermediary body, the body of information on the market to collect and evaluate, given the main credit rating is a synthesis of the information on the market reflected as a financial referee, the play is essentially an indirect function of market resources allocation. corporate financing costs, investment decisions of investors and so the measure of risk can not be separated, but the real credit rating and the rating is based on the credibility of its own technology for the enterprise as collateral, to reduce investment risk, to meet the needs of corporate finance, to provide investors with investment direction, the end result is that companies with high credit ratings lower the cost of obtaining financing, financing more easily, whereas the more credit rating low, higher financing costs will ultimately affect the value of bonds and stocks to determine the prices of financial products. For example, China's commercial banks, the introduction of strategic investors, the intention is to improve the bank's internal corporate governance structure, but due to the credit rating is was deliberately kept low to improve the financing costs, part of the IPO had a big let foreign institutions watermelon. Meanwhile, the credit rating not only for corporate finance services, but also for enterprise risk management based on reality. Finance The role of the market is that the horizontal spread risk, credit risk rating is the standard instructions, standard error will increase the risk to the U.S. These actions extend to the macro, that is, the pricing of financial products, credit rating by the price level is equivalent to the division of financial products. a country for their own lack of initiative in the pricing of financial products, not only is not conducive to the development of their own market players, misjudged the credit ratings that led to underestimate or overestimate the value of any loss suffered thereby constraining the space for survival and development, more important point is not conducive to the healthy growth of domestic financial markets, and bring the low efficiency of information transmission is the market deformity caused by the mismatch of resources for the development of the national economy has a greater negative impact. Therefore, the credit rating of the dominance of the domestic financial market is not just commercial banks in China caused by the loss of undervalued , while the pricing initiative brought about by the loss of the weak foundation of the financial system needs more attention. to make a simple analogy is that no matter how good you are playing football, the referee injustice, your fighting will be greatly reduced.
2.
the independence of national regulators in China's financial regulators draw current credit rating information for decision-making is still very small, but that does not mean that the credit rating on China's financial regulation does not have an impact. a developed market economy is the need to meet the changing market environment, which will need to monitor the development of the market norms and track time. China's financial market development is not yet perfect, the more single-level, relying on self-regulatory bodies are still able to meet the needs of the market. But with the continuing reform of China's financial markets, the gradual establishment of the financial system, the need for financial market risks inherent in the supervision and timely disclosure of information, simply relying on the ability of regulatory agencies themselves is very difficult to completely standardize the market behavior . Therefore, the regulatory body will naturally seek more or less information to the credit rating of the market subject to regulation. At the same time, there are many rules and regulations are the result of relying on credit ratings to be determined, such as money market funds may not invest in AAA Grade The following corporate bonds, and credit rating is again given the credit rating agencies, which further affects its regulatory decision-making. an independent regulator is one of country's financial sovereignty, and in view of a country's credit rating the impact of regulatory decisions, the credit rating by foreign agencies, under the influence, effectiveness and independence of financial supervision will be constrained by foreign.
3. related to the stability of financial markets and national economic security
If that the financial market is a barometer of a country, then the credit rating market, a barometer can be called only on the scale. scale the size of the well-being reflects the degree of financial market. The higher a country's sovereign credit rating, indicating that the country's economic development prospects for the better, to attract more capital inflows. The lower the credit rating of .97 will result in capital outflows during the Asian financial crisis to some extent, the credit rating agencies is the the right to speak because credit rating credit rating agencies lies in the hands of the United States, its credit rating after the sudden reduction of further deterioration of the crisis situation, leading to large capital outflows, making the crisis in the country's entire financial system has suffered a huge impact. recent Greek crisis gave us a good inspiration, Goldman Sachs makes the use of credit rating agencies reduced the power of the Greek sovereign risk rating, the financial crisis deepened in Greece to improve the hands of the credit default swap products, prices, access to more lucrative return. These are all details of the credit rating agencies in the absence of an objective assessment of financial stability when the scale of the negative impact. Even if the U.S. credit rating agency will compare the initial objective of a country's sovereign credit rating to rating, in fact, it also had to follow certain rules of the game, even if it is not fully complied with, but the most important is not the initial credit rating agencies to give high and low level, but little sign of trouble when a country's economy, its too early lower credit rating, or a country's economy has entered a crisis stage and the lower the credit rating too late, this is the rating agencies on a country's financial deterioration of the environment play a role in fueling the primary means. The result is caused by the mass panic lead to irrational capital flows, the market is not conducive to the stable development of a country. So, in the hands of the credit rating of the initiative remains with the ideology of the hands of its country rating, the stability of financial markets itself as a potential development instability.
4. on the Internationalization of China's economic future challenges
continuous development and growth necessarily requires the support of an international currency, can be said that the internationalization of RMB is a trend in the future. But , requires a high degree of internationalization of the RMB and open financial markets and floating exchange rate system. In the floating exchange rate regime, the RMB exchange rate depends on the level of prices the market supply and demand, which supply mainly depends on the game and the market environment of a country good or bad and that is the main micro-companies can bring our rate of return, as mentioned above, that is, a country's financial market stability and financial products or prices. credit rating in the case of two natural can the movement of the RMB exchange rate plays a leading role, making the price of the RMB in the future in a more passive position. At the same time as the hard currency to the yuan needs to maintain currency stability, foreign rating agencies by the constraints in the case of , in order to maintain currency stability, and reduce the impact of external price of money will increase the difficulty of adjusting monetary policy.
visible, not just an ordinary credit rating agencies, which occupy the commanding heights of the financial markets. China From a strategic point of view should be to examine the credit rating of the current market conditions, due to take appropriate measures to cultivate our own financial referee, to maintain financial independence and full sovereignty.
Second, to our credit rating market development proposals
1. to solve the credit rating of the market needs of
to prevent foreign control of credit rating agencies, credit rating market is of key domestic credit rating companies grow and develop. In addition to cultivating their own credit rating conducive to the maintenance of financial sovereignty, Another point is that the domestic credit rating agencies to better understand the domestic situation, China can be a more realistic reflection of the risk. of course, learn from foreign experience, such as Japan, India, Korea, Russia, through the development of related laws and regulations on foreign rating companies to restrict access and dual rating, so as to protect their credit rating companies, these measures are necessary and important, but we also need more attention to China's financial market construction. to go out of our enterprises and the internationalization of the RMB will need world-class domestic rating agencies to maintain reasonable interest, confined to their own, relying on national authorities to protect the credit rating market is imperfect, our credit rating institutions into the international market is difficult.
current lack of demand in China is to limit the credit rating credit rating of the main factors for market development, credit rating agencies to the lack of innovative power, the lack of competitiveness. The bond market is the credit rating market development based on the development of Moody's first came from the bond rating of the railway. but our situation is, corporate bonds, short-term financing instruments, policy bonds, medium-term notes, etc. by the various agencies in charge of one hand over administrative control strong credit rating is difficult to effectively play the role of the other long to bring the standards of regulatory inconsistencies make it difficult for the credit rating is not conducive to the norms and consistent rating standards, and supervision of enterprises due to the long bond's poor distribution channels, credit rating would also adversely affect the development. In addition, interest rates have not yet fully market-oriented development also makes it difficult bond market into full play, the credit rating is not naturally a free hand. Therefore, to enhance the competitiveness of our rating agencies First, bond markets need to expand the pie, on the one hand unified supervision, on the other hand the control of credit markets gradually open up to further promote the marketization of interest rates, which can expand the effective demand for credit rating, credit rating agencies to ensure that our has a good environment for the growth. Second, from the current actual situation, the domestic rating agencies to give appropriate policy support, dual rating, that credit rating requires at least two rating agencies, while domestic companies control at least one rating agency, after a good choice. One is still in the infant helps to protect the rating of the industry. Second, the dispute will reduce the economic, but also to enhance our sense of competition in the credit rating agencies. In addition, cultivate a good market players credit character is one of the conditions of expanding demand.
short, only the development of financial markets made considerable progress in our country's credit rating can make a real competitive, so to better serve the country's financial economy development.
2. deal with regulation and the relationship between credit rating credit rating
role in the financial markets to solve the information asymmetry, but only a real and effective ratings can reflect the status of market players. times credit crisis can be said to be a credit crisis, credit rating agencies in the outbreak of the crisis played an integral role, precisely because of its financial derivatives are not full of risk assessment, resulting in flooding of the market information for the outbreak of the crisis potential problems. Thus, the credit rating agencies, information is not very effective. China's current credit ratings market, although in its infancy, but the most favorable factor is that China can more effectively shape the credit rating system. the sub-prime crisis, the U.S. and Europe have said that to strengthen supervision of credit rating and take the related actions, the reason is that credit ratings have been running throughout the financial markets play a regulatory role of the information base, many American regulatory regulatory agencies have adopted the commercial credit rating agencies provide credit ratings, making it largely relies on its to regulate, so that increased market risk. developed market economy requires self-discipline of the market itself , the regulatory body to draw on the results of the credit rating is also necessary to solve market failures, but it does not mean credit rating is to monitor their own part of the content should be regulated. Just as the referee referees themselves need to follow the rules, we can not that refereeing decisions, and we completely as a basis for the neglect of the authenticity of the results. In addition, to improve the existing regulatory regime for credit rating, unified supervision, to reduce regulatory overlap and improve the efficiency of supervision on the one hand to promote the domestic credit rating market development, it also can reduce market risk.
3. the development of national standards and to enhance the credit rating credit rating credit rating process understanding
Although with a certain mathematical model, but still can not get rid of the subjective factors impact. and the inconsistency of foreign and domestic environment, different indicators of credit rating, the rating results will be different, investors, credit rating and can not read the specific information to compare the results of the various rating agencies. so the development of a certain rating criteria and norms are necessary, this can be more effective transmission of market information, the real play of the warning, the market itself help to reduce the credit rating impact of the financial markets and maintain financial market stability. Meanwhile, the development of our country ; game rules a clear understanding of our financial sovereignty is otherwise difficult to effectively maintain.
In short, the credit rating of a country's financial system has played an irreplaceable role. perfect financial markets, economic development requires a stable financial system , business development and strategic needs of China are also inseparable from the support of the internationalization of the RMB. can be seen, some on their role as a financial referee, the lack of impartiality of the judge, do not have the credit rating of the right to speak, China's financial market system is support of national credit rating agencies, and more need to constantly improve the financial system. in our underdeveloped financial market circumstances, the credit ratings market to coordinate with development, can be neglected, but also clear the role of credit rating market, and ultimately improve the competitiveness rating industry to maintain a reasonable credit rating of China, to ensure the independence of financial sovereignty.
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